# My papers on supersymmetric mirror models

• ##### Truly two-dimensional black holes under dimensional transitions of spacetime

[local PDF]   [arXiv: on-hold]   [OSF preprint]   [viXra: 2103.0200]

Gravity Research Foundation 2021 Essay Competition

abstract: A sufficiently massive star in the end of its life will inevitably collapse into a black hole as more deconfined degrees of freedom make the core ever softer. One possible way to avoid the singularity in the end is by dimensional phase transition of spacetime. Indeed, the black hole interior, two-dimensional in nature, can be described well as a perfect fluid of free massless Majorana fermions and gauge bosons under a 2-d supersymmetric mirror model with new understanding of emergent gravity from dimensional evolution of spacetime. In particular, the 2-d conformal invariance of the black hole gives rise to desired consistent results for the interior microphysics and structures including its temperature, density, and entropy.

• ##### First principles of consistent physics

[local PDF]   [arXiv: on-hold]   [OSF preprint]   [viXra: 2103.0183]

abstract: For a consistent picture of fundamental physics and cosmology, three first principles are proposed as the foundations. That is, quantum variational principle that provides the formalism, consistent observation principle that set physical constraints and symmetries, and spacetime inflation principle that determines physical contents (particle fields and interactions). Under these three principles, a series of supersymmetric mirror models are constructed to study various phases of the universe at different spacetime dimensions and the dynamics between the phases. In particular, mirror symmetry, as the orientation symmetry of the underlying geometry, plays a critical role in the new framework.

• ##### Invisible decays of neutral hadrons

[local PDF]   [arXiv:2006.10746]   [OSF preprint]    [viXra: 2006.0182]

abstract: Invisible decays of neutral hadrons are evaluated as ordinary-mirror particle oscillations using the newly developed mirror matter model. Assuming equivalence of the CP violation and mirror symmetry breaking scales for neutral kaon oscillations, rather precise values of the mirror matter model parameters are predicted for such ordinary-mirror particle oscillations. Not only do these parameter values satisfy the cosmological constraints, but they can also be used to precisely determine the oscillation or invisible decay rates of neutral hadrons. In particular, invisible decay branching fractions for relatively long-lived hadrons such as $$K^0_L$$, $$K^0_S$$, $$\Lambda^0$$, and $$\Xi^0$$ due to such oscillations are calculated to be $$9.9\times 10^{-6}$$, $$1.8\times 10^{-6}$$, $$4.4\times 10^{-7}$$, and $$3.6\times 10^{-8}$$, respectively. These significant invisible decays are readily detectable at existing accelerator facilities.

• ##### From neutron and quark stars to black holes

[local PDF]   [arXiv:denied]   [OSF preprint]    [viXra: 2003.0384]

abstract: New physics and models for the most compact astronomical objects – neutron / quark stars and black holes are proposed. Under the new supersymmetric mirror models, neutron stars at least heavy ones could be born from hot deconfined quark matter in the core with a mass limit less than $$2.5 M_\odot$$. Even heavier cores will inevitably collapse into black holes as quark matter with more deconfined quark flavors becomes ever softer during the staged restoration of flavor symmetry. With new understanding of gravity as mean field theories emergent from the underlying quantum theories for providing the smooth background spacetime geometry for quantum particles, the black hole interior can be described well as a perfect fluid of free massless Majorana fermions and gauge bosons under the new genuine 2-d model. In particular, the conformal invariance on a 2-d torus for the black hole gives rise to desired consistent results for the interior microphysics and structures including its temperature, density, and entropy. Conjectures for further studies of the black hole and the early universe are also discussed in the new framework.

• ##### No single unification theory of everything

[local PDF]   [FQXi Contest]   [arXiv:2003.04687]   [OSF preprint]

abstract: In light of Gödel’s undecidability results (incomplete theorems) for math, quantum indeterminism indicates that physics and the Universe may be indeterministic, incomplete, and open in nature, and therefore demand no single unification theory of everything. The Universe is dynamic and so are the underlying physical models and spacetime. As the 4-d spacetime evolves dimension by dimension in the early universe, consistent yet different models emerge one by one with different sets of particles and interactions. A new set of first principles are proposed for building such models with new understanding of supersymmetry, mirror symmetry, and the dynamic phase transition mechanism – spontaneous symmetry breaking. Under this framework, we demonstrate that different models with no theory of everything operate in a hierarchical yet consistent way at different phases or scenarios of the Universe. In particular, the arrow of time is naturally explained and the Standard Model of physics is elegantly extended to time zero of the Universe.

• ##### Supersymmetric mirror models and dimensional evolution of spacetime

[local PDF]   [arXiv: denied]   [OSF preprint]   [viXra: 2002.0262]

abstract: A dynamic view is conjectured for not only the universe but also the underlying theories in contrast to the convectional pursuance of a single unification theory. As the 4-d spacetime evolves dimension by dimension via the spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism, supersymmetric mirror models consistently emerge one by one at different energy scales and scenarios involving different sets of particle species and interactions. Starting from random Planck fluctuations, the time dimension and its arrow are born in the time inflation process as the gravitational strength is weakened under a 1-d model of a “timeron” scalar field. The “timeron” decay then starts the hot big bang and generates Majorana fermions and $$U(1)$$ gauge bosons in 2-d spacetime. The next spontaneous symmetry breaking results in two space inflaton fields leading to a double space inflation process and emergence of two decoupled sectors of ordinary and mirror particles. In fully extended 4-d spacetime, the supersymmetric standard model with mirror matter before the electroweak phase transition and the subsequent pseudo-supersymmetry model due to staged quark condensation as previously proposed are justified. A set of principles are postulated under this new framework. In particular, new understanding of the evolving supersymmetry and $$Z_2$$ or generalized mirror symmetry is presented.

• ##### Dark energy and spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking

[local PDF]   [arXiv:1908.11838]   []

abstract: Dark energy is interpreted as the leftover of mostly canceled vacuum energy due to the spontaneous mirror symmetry breaking (SMSB) at the electroweak phase transition. Based on the newly proposed mirror-matter model (M3), the extended standard model with mirror matter (SM3) is elaborated to provide a consistent foundation for understanding dark energy, dark matter, baryogenesis, and many other puzzles. New insights of Higgs, top quark, and lepton masses are presented under SM3 using staged quark condensation and four-fermion interactions for SMSB. In particular, the nature and mass scales of neutrinos are naturally explained under the new theory. The new cosmology model based on SM3 could potentially resolve the Hubble tension and other cosmic enigmas. The possible underlying principles for SMSB and SM3 of a maximally interacting, supersymmetric, and mirrored world are also discussed.

• ##### Laboratory tests of the ordinary-mirror particle oscillations and the extended CKM matrix

[local PDF]   [arXiv:1906.10262]   []

abstract: The CKM matrix and its unitarity is analyzed by disentangling experimental information obtained from three different particle systems of neutrons, mesons, and nuclei. New physics beyond the Standard Model is supported under the new analysis. In particular, the newly proposed mirror-matter model [Phys. Lett. B 797, 134921 (2019)] can provide the missing physics and naturally extend the CKM matrix. Laboratory experiments with current best technology for measuring neutron, meson, and nuclear decays under various scenarios are proposed. Such measurements can provide stringent tests of the new model and the extended CKM matrix.

• ##### Kaon oscillations and baryon asymmetry of the universe

abstract: Baryon asymmetry of the universe (BAU) can likely be explained with $$K^0-K^{0′}$$ oscillations of a newly developed mirror-matter model and new understanding of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transitions. A consistent picture for the origin of both BAU and dark matter is presented with the aid of $$n-n’$$ oscillations of the new model. The global symmetry breaking transitions in QCD are proposed to be staged depending on condensation temperatures of strange, charm, bottom, and top quarks in the early universe. The long-standing BAU puzzle could then be understood with $$K^0-K^{0′}$$ oscillations that occur at the stage of strange quark condensation and baryon number violation via a non-perturbative sphaleron-like (coined “quarkiton”) process. Similar processes at charm, bottom, and top quark condensation stages are also discussed including an interesting idea for top quark condensation to break both the QCD global $$U_t(1)_A$$ symmetry and the electroweak gauge symmetry at the same time. Meanwhile, the $$U(1)_A$$ or strong $$CP$$ problem of particle physics is addressed with a possible explanation under the same framework.

• ##### Neutron-mirror neutron oscillations for solving the puzzles of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays

[local PDF]   [arXiv:1903.07474]   []

abstract: Based on a newly proposed mirror-matter model of neutron-mirror neutron ($$n-n’$$) oscillations, the puzzles related to ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are explained. In particular, the phenomena around the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff for UHECRs can be well understood under the new mirror matter model assuming a mirror-to-ordinary temperature ratio of $$T’/T \sim 0.3$$. The suppression factor of the GZK effect due to the opacity of cosmic microwave background is calculated and agrees with the observations well. Most of the super-GZK events (i.e., above the GZK cutoff), as predicted in the new model, come from mirror matter sources that are invisible to electromagnetic telescopes and can penetrate the mirror cosmic microwave background at much further distances. Most remarkably, the anti-correlation between super-GZK and sub-GZK events in the hotspot observed by the Telescope Array (TA) collaboration can be naturally understood in this model. The possible correlations between the UHECRs from the TA hotspot and other nearby powerful sources such as high energy neutrinos detected by IceCube, the largest black hole merger (GW170729) observed by LIGO, and the hottest star-forming supercluster Lynx Arc, are discussed as well under the new theory.

• ##### Neutron-mirror neutron oscillations in stars

[local PDF]   [arXiv:1902.03685]   []

abstract: Based on a newly proposed mirror-matter model of neutron-mirror neutron ($$n-n’$$) oscillations, evolution and nucleosynthesis in single stars under a new theory is presented. The new theory with the new $$n-n’$$ model can demonstrate the evolution in a much more convincing way than the conventional belief. In particular, many observations in stars show strong support for the new theory and the new $$n-n’$$ model. For example, progenitor mass limits and structures for white dwarfs and neutron stars, two different types of core collapse supernovae (II-P and II-L), synthesis of heavy elements, pulsating phenomena in stars, etc, can all be easily and naturally explained under the new theory.

• ##### Neutron oscillations for solving neutron lifetime and dark matter puzzles

abstract: A model of $$n-n’$$ (neutron-mirror neutron) oscillations is proposed under the framework of the mirror matter theory with slightly broken mirror symmetry. It resolves the neutron lifetime discrepancy, i.e., the 1% difference in neutron lifetime between measurements from “beam” and “bottle” experiments. In consideration of the early universe evolution, the $$n-n’$$ mass difference is determined to be about $$2\times 10^{-6}$$ eV/c$$^2$$ with the $$n-n’$$ mixing strength of about $$2\times 10^{-5}$$. The picture of how the mirror-to-ordinary matter density ratio is evolved in the early universe into the observed dark-to-baryon matter density ratio of about 5.4 is presented. Reanalysis of previous data and new experiments that can be carried out under current technology are discussed and recommended to test this proposed model. Other consequences of the model on astrophysics and possible oscillations of other neutral particles are discussed as well.

August 7, 2019