{"id":475,"date":"2018-09-03T10:17:48","date_gmt":"2018-09-03T14:17:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/?page_id=475"},"modified":"2022-12-01T23:18:35","modified_gmt":"2022-12-02T03:18:35","slug":"fmnc-fast-mobile-network-characterization","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/major-research-projects\/fmnc-fast-mobile-network-characterization\/","title":{"rendered":"FMNC &#8211; Fast Mobile Network Characterization"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Project Status:<\/strong> Complete<\/p>\n<p>The goal of our work on Fast Mobile Network Characterization (FMNC) is to explore the degree to which we can construct \/ explore interesting mechanisms for the purpose of characterizing the performance of various mobile links.\u00a0 In short, the work explores the extent to which we can replace tools such as <a href=\"https:\/\/iperf.fr\">iPerf<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.speedtest.net\">Speedtest.net<\/a> with ultra-lightweight and high speed bandwidth characterization mechanisms for both WiFi and cellular links.\u00a0 Our work on FMNC can be grouped into the following categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Core System:<\/strong> The core of FMNC is a libpcap-based multi-threaded architecture that allows us to appropriately shape and structure outbound packets for the purpose of network performance characterization.\u00a0 A significant body of our approaches lie on the notion of sliced, structured, and reordered packet trains which draw inspiration from our past work on RIPPS (Rogue Identifying Packet Payload Slicing) and TCP Sting. \u00a0 A key focus of our work is to make the work deployable and as such nearly all of the techniques work within the context of a HTTP GET, effectively allowing any web browser or simple client-side app to deploy our technique. \u00a0The code base for all of FMNC including RIPPS, FMNC, and CUP can be found <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1v_u6wXFIRQiCMBt3INoGZptovof3nyI8?usp=sharing\">here (Google Drive link)<\/a> and is also available via <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/adstriegel\/ScaleBox\">at Github<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active WiFi Characterization:<\/strong> The initial focus of our work was on WiFi characterization at various speeds. \u00a0In our two approaches (AIMC and FMNC), we explored WiFi characterization via active probing for varying network speeds.\u00a0 The FMNC approach focuses on characterizing at speeds between 0-11 Mb\/s while AIMC extends the work to allow for characterization of higher network speeds at the cost of additional bandwidth. \u00a0\u00a0 Our work on active WiFi characterization leveraged the underlying Frame Aggregation (FA) mechanisms introduced by 802.11e to discern the available bandwidth on a given WiFi link. \u00a0In short, link competition at the access point and its respective queue depth results in smaller or larger frames and by sending variable bursts of packets, the compression of intra-packet delays allows one to infer link competition, thus deriving the available bandwidth. \u00a0Through the FMNC core system, we are able to characterize a link within a single HTTP GET with the FMNC work characterizing a link with less than 100 KB of bandwidth consumption and in less than 250 ms.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Active Cellular Characterization:<\/strong> Cellular characterization introduces unique challenges versus WiFi in that the scheduler present at the eNodeB and the underlying link \/ competing nodes introduce significant noise to the characterization process.\u00a0 Our work on cellular characterization dubbed CUP &#8211; Cellular Ultra-lightweight Probing) introduces new packet sequences to better discern cellular performance as well as alternative approaches for bandwidth characterization at our back end to compensate for such noise.\u00a0 A link to the paper can be found below.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Passive WiFi Characterization:<\/strong> In our FMNC \/ AIMC works, we actively perturb the link during the course of a HTTP GET to drive the network to detect when significant frame aggregation occurs.\u00a0 In our passive approach, we explore whether or not one can simply eavesdrop on a given WiFi link to discern link capacity.\u00a0 We show that it is indeed possible through the processing of Block ACKs and clever processing to discern residual link capacity and can do this rapidly enough to be useful during the course of a normal WiFi scan interval by a mobile device. \u00a0Such an approach could be used by mobile devices or any IoT-like device to help better understand the surrounding WiFi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Case Studies:<\/strong> We have also explored several case studies including performance at our University Relations Tent as well as applications to AP-side information sharing (Passpoint) and streaming video (HTTP DASH) adaptation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wireless Course Materials:<\/strong>\u00a0The course materials for Advanced Wireless Networks are being shared <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1oRDHq-EUYeMb8FoUvxbbeTnO52KOecjB?usp=sharing\">here via Google Drive<\/a>.\u00a0 Materials with respect to course offerings from the edX class on Understanding Wireless as well as a revised Computer Networks course can also be found online.\u00a0 We also have various datasets gathered from numerous speed tests conducted on campus as well from the course.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Video \/ Short Video:<\/strong> As noted in our case studies, we were intrigued by the notion of trying to apply observations as gleaned by our techniques (both layer 2 and general packet information) that could be useful for improving video QoE.\u00a0 Our initial explorations noted some benefit towards QoE allowing a system to react slightly faster in terms of link characterization.\u00a0 At the same time in cooperation with our partners, we looked to see the extent that FMNC or its techniques might be helpful for characterizing short video services such as embodied by TikTok, YouTube Shorts, and others.\u00a0 This led to some fairly interesting explorations where we found that QoE and interactivity was heavily influenced by pre-loading videos, namely that the mobile apps for the respective services pre-load a portion of the next videos, thereby avoiding wait time and allowing one to seamlessly swipe to the next video.\u00a0 Although pre-loading reduces the need for FMNC type solutions in the loop, there still may be opportunities for in-band characterization, particularly with regards to mobile ads which will be continuing to explore.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Key Findings<\/h1>\n<p>The majority of our work has focused on the detection of Available Bandwidth (AB). \u00a0While Achievable Throughput (AT) which is used by techniques such as Speedtest and iPerf to effectively capture what a normal TCP socket would be able to achieve (hence the term achievable throughput) across a particular path. \u00a0In contrast, Available Bandwidth (AB) tries to capture the residual capacity of a link which is the bandwidth that is otherwise not being consumed. \u00a0The interesting part of AB is that by not trying to effectively squeeze out possible bandwidth (achievable throughput), it is able to use significantly less bandwidth (space savings) and potentially resolve the available bandwidth (time savings) more quickly. \u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Aggregation \/ Queueing as an Indicator of Available Bandwidth:<\/strong> Much of the intuition in our work lies in sending carefully constructed packet trains (20 packets of size 1200 with a gap of 500 microseconds) whereby bursts of packets, their respective sizes, and spacing is set up to effectively bunch up at the edge queue of a router, access point, or eNodeB. \u00a0The degree to which the packets bunch together due to aggregation can in turn be converted into available bandwidth which is the focus of our respective papers.<\/li>\n<li><strong>WiFi Control Packets as an Indication of Channel Usage:<\/strong> The block ACK as introduced by 802.1e can be observed in an unencrypted manner and by observing the depth of aggregation, one can effectively infer what is likely to be the residual capacity of a given link. \u00a0This can be helpful for IoT devices as well as mobile devices to better discern what the most effective WiFi might be link for connecting to as well as quickly discerning channel usage across available WiFi channels. The most \u00a0interesting aspect is that with only a very small amount of time (the typical dwell time scanning for WiFi), one can actually do a fairly good job of assessing general WiFi channel usage. \u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Short Video Apps &#8211; Pre-Loading Hides Network Issues:<\/strong> Short video apps employ an interest optimization to both improve QoE as well as improve interactivity in the app.\u00a0 Rather than attempting to conduct optimization during the video download, short video apps attempt to time shift content availability by pre-loading portions of one or more of the next recommended videos.\u00a0 The result is that rather than the user needing to endure a wait time (pause) when swiping to the next video, the video plays immediately, creating the illusion of a &#8220;perfect&#8221; network.\u00a0 Each of more popular services employ a variety of design choices that creates an intriguing space for optimization.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Publications<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>Pending papers on the impact of AT tests and improving AT costs via ad pre-staging\n<ul>\n<li>Papers not fully disclosed due to double blind reviewing requirements &#8211; available upon request to the PI<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>[ShortVideo] S. Zhu, T. Karagioules, E. Halepovic, A. Mohammed, A. Striegel, &#8220;Swipe Along: A Measurement Study of Short Video Services,&#8221; in <em>Proc. of ACM MMSys 2022,\u00a0<\/em><i>doi: <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3524273.3528186\">10.1145\/3524273.3528186<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>[PassiveWifi-IoT] L. Song, A. Striegel and A. Mohammed, &#8220;Sniffing Only Control Packets: A Lightweight Client-Side WiFi Traffic Characterization Solution,&#8221; in <em>IEEE Internet of Things Journal<\/em>, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 6536-6548, 15 April15, 2021, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9274384?source=authoralert\">10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3041671<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>[CUP] L. Song, E. Halepovic, A. Mohammed and A. Striegel, &#8220;CUP: Cellular Ultra-light Probe-based Available Bandwidth Estimation,&#8221; 2021 IEEE\/ACM 29th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQOS), 2021, pp. 1-11, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/9521270\">10.1109\/IWQOS52092.2021.9521270<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>[PassiveWiFi] L. Song, A. Mohammed and A. Striegel, &#8220;A Passive Client Side Control Packet-based WiFi Traffic Characterization Mechanism,&#8221; ICC 2020 &#8211; 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2020, pp. 1-7, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/9148619?casa_token=kJOUVxdEBmUAAAAA:qY9-6hBAU02QR5MrGs4BLwXekOBxm0BoBrvcOoPFzXtCno101UWqo-4O7Gn3w0ek-YXtJOwZ\">10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9148619<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>[WiFiStream] S. Zhu, A. Mohammed and A. Striegel, &#8220;A Frame-Aggregation-Based Approach for Link Congestion Prediction in WiFi Video Streaming,&#8221; 2020 29th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN), 2020, pp. 1-8, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/abstract\/document\/9209675?casa_token=D_7KwJE1mO0AAAAA:wAgjr9wgfkuU2F4t9yP3QIwPuoohq2I8H4SpliKFfj-7SPxeDxKKXXkZ8_AvJIIQgnfQToyq\">10.1109\/ICCCN49398.2020.9209675<\/a>. (Invited Paper)<\/li>\n<li>[FMNC] L. Song and A. Striegel, &#8220;A Lightweight Scheme for Rapid and Accurate WiFi Path Characterization,&#8221;\u00a0<em>2018 27th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN)<\/em>, 2018, pp. 1-9, doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICCCN.2018.8487433\">10.1109\/ICCCN.2018.8487433<\/a>.\u00a0(Invited Paper)<\/li>\n<li>[Case Study] L. Song, A. Striegel, &#8220;<span class=\"title\">SEWS: A Channel-Aware Stall-Free WiFi Video Streaming Mechanism,&#8221; in <em><a href=\"http:\/\/nossdav.org\/2018\/\">Proc. of NOSSDAV 2018<\/a><\/em>, Amsterdam, Netherlands, June 2018. DOI: <a class=\"issue-item__doi\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3210445.3210449\">10.1145\/3210445.3210449<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li>[AIMC] L. Song, A. Striegel, &#8220;Leveraging Frame Aggregation for Estimating WiFi Available Bandwidth,&#8221; in <em>Proc. of IEEE SECON<\/em>, San Diego, CA, June 2017. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SAHCN.2017.7964908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1109\/SAHCN.2017.7964908<\/a><\/li>\n<li>[Case Study] L. Song, A. Striegel, &#8220;Leveraging Frame Aggregation to Improve Access Point Selection,&#8221; in <em>Proc. of MobiWorld<\/em> (workshop at INFOCOM 2017), Atlanta, Georgia, 2017. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/INFCOMW.2017.8116397\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10.1109\/INFCOMW.2017.8116397<\/a><\/li>\n<li>L. Song, A. Striegel, &#8220;Systems and Methods for Rapidly Estimating Available Bandwidth on a WiFi Link,&#8221; Patent <a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US10383002B2\/en\">10,383,002 B2<\/a>, applied on April 30, 2018, awarded May 16, 2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For those who cannot download the papers, the papers are also <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/u\/1\/folders\/1v_u6wXFIRQiCMBt3INoGZptovof3nyI8\">available on Google Drive<\/a>.\u00a0 Select presentations have also been uploaded as well to the Google Drive and where the talk has been pre-recorded, the talk recording is available as well.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h1>Code<\/h1>\n<p>The code for FMNC and CUP on the back-end is available here via <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1v_u6wXFIRQiCMBt3INoGZptovof3nyI8?usp=sharing\">Google Drive<\/a>. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The code is also available <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/adstriegel\/ScaleBox\">via Github<\/a> via git <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/adstriegel\/ScaleBox.git\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h1>People<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>PI &#8211; Aaron Striegel, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame<\/li>\n<li>Grad Student &#8211; Shangyue Zhu, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame\n<ul>\n<li>Slated to graduate in spring \/ summer 2022<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Grad Student &#8211; Alamin Mohammed, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame\n<ul>\n<li>Slated to graduate in spring \/ summer 2022<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>External Collaborator &#8211; Emir Halepovic, AT&amp;T Labs, Theo Karagioules, AT&amp;T Labs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Past Involved Researchers<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>REU Student &#8211; Alexa Bejarano, University of Tulsa<\/li>\n<li>REU Student &#8211; John Shen, Valparaiso<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Lixing Song, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Rose Hulman<\/li>\n<li>Dr. Xueheng Hu, Amazon<\/li>\n<li>REU Student &#8211; Spencer Spitz, Colgate University<\/li>\n<li>REU Student &#8211; Jose Abraham Leon, Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Notre Dame<\/li>\n<li>REU Student &#8211; Kevin Dingens<\/li>\n<li>REU Student &#8211; Alan Flores<\/li>\n<li>Masters Student &#8211; Zhongying Qiao<\/li>\n<li>Masters Student &#8211; Alexander Biryukov<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>News<\/h1>\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2020\/12\/03\/paper-accepted-passive-wifi\/\">Paper Accepted &#8211; Passive WiFi<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[December 3, 2020] Our journalized version of the paper on leveraging passive WiFi characteristics for determining the available bandwidth was recently accepted to appear in the IEEE Internet of Things journal. Very cool paper that leverages the spacing of plaintext block acknowledgements (ACKs) for the purpose of inferring the utilization on a given wireless link. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/category\/uncategorized\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Uncategorized<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2020\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/passivewifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">PassiveWiFi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">WiFi<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Paper Accepted &#8211; Passive WiFi<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2020\/04\/20\/patent-update-fmnc\/\">Patent Update &#8211; FMNC<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[April 20th, 2020] A nice surprise in my mail box at work with a fairly official document containing our patent awarded last year with regards to WiFi network speed characterization.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2020\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Patent Update &#8211; FMNC<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2020\/01\/29\/pass-updates\/\">PASS Updates<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[January 29th, 2020] A few interesting updates on what is going on with the work on PASS (Provider Accessible Storage Subsystem) which fits under the broader umbrella of our Redundancy Elimination at the Edge work that is funded by NSF.\u00a0 A bit more under the hood work but hopefully some fairly neat work down below [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2020\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/nsf\/\" rel=\"tag\">NSF<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/pass\/\" rel=\"tag\">PASS<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on PASS Updates<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2020\/01\/27\/off-to-dublin-in-june-for-icc-2020\/\">Off to Dublin in June for ICC 2020<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[January 27, 2020] Will be off to Dublin, Ireland in June 2020 for ICC 2020 as our paper on using aggregation as an indication of available bandwidth via purely passive estimations was accepted to the CQRM symposium.\u00a0 If I recall, it was roughly 20 years ago that I went to my first &#8220;big&#8221; conference attending [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2020\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/alaminmohammed\/\" rel=\"tag\">AlaminMohammed<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/icc\/\" rel=\"tag\">ICC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/lixingsong\/\" rel=\"tag\">LixingSong<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/passivewifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">PassiveWiFi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">WiFi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wirelessinstitute\/\" rel=\"tag\">WirelessInstitute<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Off to Dublin in June for ICC 2020<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2020\/01\/10\/back-from-sabbatical\/\">Back from Sabbatical<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[January 10th, 2020] Alas, all good things must come to an end and my sabbatical is officially wrapped up as of this Friday with the start of the spring semester this coming week.\u00a0 This spring, I will be teaching the second iteration of my course on Advanced Wireless Networks and will officially be back on [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2020\/\" rel=\"tag\">2020<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/frontnews\/\" rel=\"tag\">FrontNews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/teaching\/\" rel=\"tag\">Teaching<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/tesserae\/\" rel=\"tag\">Tesserae<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wearables\/\" rel=\"tag\">Wearables<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wirelessinstitute\/\" rel=\"tag\">WirelessInstitute<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Back from Sabbatical<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2019\/11\/11\/sabbatical-update\/\">Sabbatical Update<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[November 11th, 2019] Brief update as I am well over halfway through my sabbatical this fall.\u00a0 Some interesting new projects in the hopper that we will highlight the projects bake a bit more but I can give a bit of a preview of some of the efforts. WiFi Leaf Detection: We are looking how WiFi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2019\/\" rel=\"tag\">2019<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/frontnews\/\" rel=\"tag\">FrontNews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/leafdetection\/\" rel=\"tag\">LeafDetection<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/pass\/\" rel=\"tag\">PASS<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/tesserae\/\" rel=\"tag\">Tesserae<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wireless\/\" rel=\"tag\">Wireless<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wirelessinstitute\/\" rel=\"tag\">WirelessInstitute<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Sabbatical Update<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2019\/06\/25\/first-patent\/\">First Patent on FMNC<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[May 16, 2019] Congrats to Dr. Lixing Song on leading the first patent coming out of our lab. Patent 15\/967,532 entitled &#8220;Systems and Methods for Rapidly Estimating Available Bandwidth on a WiFi Link,&#8221; was awarded on May 16, 2019.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2019\/\" rel=\"tag\">2019<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/frontnews\/\" rel=\"tag\">FrontNews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/grants\/\" rel=\"tag\">Grants<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/patent\/\" rel=\"tag\">Patent<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">WiFi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wireless\/\" rel=\"tag\">Wireless<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on First Patent on FMNC<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2018\/09\/03\/wifi-is-hot\/\">WiFi is Hot!<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[September 1, 2018] For each home game at Notre Dame, our group provides WiFi for the University Relations tent on Irish Green.\u00a0 For a high profile game such as the Michigan game, there are a few more challenges with the crowd density as well as nearby other tests.\u00a0 Our WiFi gear has been newly re-racked [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2018\/\" rel=\"tag\">2018<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/football\/\" rel=\"tag\">Football<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/frontnews\/\" rel=\"tag\">FrontNews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">WiFi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wirelessinstitute\/\" rel=\"tag\">WirelessInstitute<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on WiFi is Hot!<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2018\/08\/02\/presentation-at-icccn-2018\/\">Presentation at ICCCN 2018 on FMNC<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[August 1st, 2018] Great conference at ICCCN 2018 in Hangzhou, China.\u00a0 Had a chance to catch up with lots of familiar faces now having attended ICCCN for the past 7 years straight.\u00a0 Great to meet up with my former student, Qi Liao, who also had a paper at ICCCN.\u00a0 On Wednesday, I presented our base [&hellip;]<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2018\/\" rel=\"tag\">2018<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/conference\/\" rel=\"tag\">Conference<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/frontnews\/\" rel=\"tag\">FrontNews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/lixingsong\/\" rel=\"tag\">LixingSong<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/nsf\/\" rel=\"tag\">NSF<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wireless\/\" rel=\"tag\">Wireless<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Presentation at ICCCN 2018 on FMNC<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<!-- NOTE: If you need to make changes to this file, copy it to your current theme's main\n\tdirectory so your changes won't be overwritten when the plugin is upgraded. -->\n\n<!-- Post Wrap Start-->\n<div class=\"post hentry ivycat-post\">\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post TITLE -->\n\t<h2 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/2018\/07\/20\/presentation-at-nossdav-2018\/\">Presentation at NOSSDAV 2018<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\t<!-- \tThis outputs the post EXCERPT.  To display full content including images and html,\n\t\treplace the_excerpt(); with the_content();  below. -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-summary\">\n\t\t<p>[June 15, 2018] Great workshop in Amsterdam for NOSSDAV 2018. I had the pleasure of presenting my student Lixing&#8217;s paper entitled &#8220;SEWS: A Channel-Aware Stall-Free WiFi Video Streaming Mechanism&#8221; at the workshop in addition to serving as a session chair for the first session. \u00a0Very well attended workshop and lots of great questions.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t<!--\tThis outputs the post META information -->\n\t<div class=\"entry-utility\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"cat-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-cat-links\">Posted in<\/span> Uncategorized\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"tag-links\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"entry-utility-prep entry-utility-prep-tag-links\">Tagged<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/2018\/\" rel=\"tag\">2018<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/conference\/\" rel=\"tag\">Conference<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/fmnc\/\" rel=\"tag\">FMNC<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/frontnews\/\" rel=\"tag\">FrontNews<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/research\/\" rel=\"tag\">Research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wifi\/\" rel=\"tag\">WiFi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/tag\/wireless\/\" rel=\"tag\">Wireless<\/a>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class=\"meta-sep\">|<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"comments-link\">\n\t\t\t<span>Comments Off<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> on Presentation at NOSSDAV 2018<\/span><\/span>\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<!-- \/\/ Post Wrap End -->\n\n<h1>Support<\/h1>\n<ul>\n<li>National Science Foundation &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/awardsearch\/showAward?AWD_ID=1439682&amp;HistoricalAwards=false\">I\/UCRC Program &#8211; CNS-1439682<\/a><\/li>\n<li>National Science Foundation &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/awardsearch\/showAward?AWD_ID=1718405&amp;HistoricalAwards=false\">NeTS Program &#8211; CNS-1718405<\/a><\/li>\n<li>AT&amp;T Labs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Project Status: Complete The goal of our work on Fast Mobile Network Characterization (FMNC) is to explore the degree to which we can construct \/ explore interesting mechanisms for the purpose of characterizing the performance of various mobile links.\u00a0 In short, the work explores the extent to which we can replace tools such as iPerf [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2219,"featured_media":0,"parent":12,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-475","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/475","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2219"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=475"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":802,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/475\/revisions\/802"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/12"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/aaron-striegel\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}