{"id":19,"date":"2015-01-04T14:29:23","date_gmt":"2015-01-04T18:29:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/?page_id=19"},"modified":"2015-04-27T11:46:24","modified_gmt":"2015-04-27T15:46:24","slug":"page-5","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/page-5\/","title":{"rendered":"WINNERS AND LOSERS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\">By the late 1980s and early 1990s, some people turned out to be big winners in the long history of the international communist movement; others were big losers. \u00a0What happened?<\/div>\n<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">\/<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\">Let us return to the debate between Cohen (individual volition) and \u2018Z\u2019 (structure).\u00a0 Should the Hungarian (1956) and Czechoslovak (1968) experiments with socialist reform have prepared us for the fact that Gorbachev\u2019s efforts to reform Soviet-style communism from above would fail? \u00a0Or could something have been done (or something avoided) to put keep the European communist countries alive.<\/div>\n<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry\" style=\"color: #333333\">\n<p><strong><br \/>\n33.<\/strong><strong>\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0\u00a0<em>\u00a0Wednesday, April \u00a0 8<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_289\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-289\" style=\"width: 629px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/John-Paul-II.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-289\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/John-Paul-II.jpg\" alt=\"John Paul II comes to Warsaw\" width=\"629\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/John-Paul-II.jpg 629w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/John-Paul-II-300x191.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 629px) 100vw, 629px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-289\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Paul II comes to Warsaw<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Two Challenges to Communism in Poland.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>It is impossible to understand the fall of communism in Europe after 1989 without addressing the impact of both Karol J\u00f3zef Wojty\u0142a\u2019s ascendancy to the\u00a0Throne of St. Peter\u00a0in 1978 and the formation of the independent Polish trade union movement, Solidarity (<em>Solidarno\u015b\u0107),<\/em>\u00a0in 1980.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Homily of his Holiness John Paul II, June 2, 1979, Warsaw, Poland (look for the potentially incendiary issues in this homily):\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/PopeinPoland.html\">HERE<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Solidarity&#8217;s \u201cThe 21 Demands\u201d (August 31, 1980) <a href=\"http:\/\/civicvoices.org\/content.aspx?ContentID=2148\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>Program of the First\u00a0<em>Solidarno\u015b\u0107<\/em>\u00a0 National Congress (October 7, 1981):\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bolshevik.org\/Pamphlets\/Solidarnosc\/solidarnosc_appendix.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Your second essay assignment is\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/second-essay-question\/\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n34. \u00a0DISCUSSION SECTION: \u00a0Friday, April 10<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this section, we will discuss the second half of Havel&#8217;s &#8220;Power of the Powerless&#8221; and ask whether its argument is relevant to the case of Poland<\/p>\n<p><strong><strong><br \/>\n35.\u00a0 LECTURE: \u00a0Monday<em>, April 13<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/gorbachev1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-94\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/gorbachev1.jpg\" alt=\"gorbachev\" width=\"324\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/gorbachev1.jpg 324w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/gorbachev1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/gorbachev1-300x300.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 324px) 100vw, 324px\" \/><\/a>Gorbachev\u2019s Revolution of Reform.<\/strong>\u00a0 Mikhail Gorbachev&#8217;s calls for \u201cperestroika\u201d (economic restructuring) and \u201cglasnost\u201d (openness) were a cause for unparalleled excitement. \u00a0Check out the two videos\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.soviethistory.org\/bigScreenVideo.php?SubjectID=1985perestroika&amp;Year=1985&amp;navi=byYear\">here<\/a>. \u00a0Yet, rather than leading to a truly reformed version of socialism, the reforms ultimately resulted in revolution against the system and the death of Marxism-Leninism.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the CPSU, January 28, 1987:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/WC_2010\/Gorbachev_87.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Trabant Crash Test:\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oF4phDLfGF4&amp;feature=fvwrel\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cZ\u201d (Martin Malia), \u201cTo the Stalin Museum,\u201d\u00a0<em>Daedalus<\/em>, 119, 1 (1990):\u00a0 section IX.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cStories and Totalitarianism,\u201d in Vaclav Havel,\u00a0<em>Open Letters<\/em>, pp. 328-50.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>36. \u00a0LECTURE: \u00a0Wednesday, April 15<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Violence Amidst Reform in China.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>Was the use of force\u00a0against student protesters on Tian Anmen square, as well as around Beijing and in other major\u00a0 cities, &#8220;<em>d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu<\/em>\u00a0all over again&#8221;?\u00a0 Or have China\u2019s reforms over the past three decades signified something new about world communism?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Deng Xiaoping\u2019s educational policy:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/china\/64.htm\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Editorial:\u00a0 \u201cIt is necessary to take a clear stand against disturbances,\u201d\u00a0<em>People\u2019s Daily<\/em>, April 26, 1989:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/tsquare.tv\/chronology\/April26ed.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Deng Xiaoping, \u201cAddress to officers of the troops enforcing martial law in Beijing,\u201d June 9, 1989:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/Dengmartiallaw.html\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><em>Previously secret:<\/em>\u00a0CIA analysis of the speech (declassified, but it\u2019s amusing to see what\u2019s left):\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~nsarchiv\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB47\/doc10.pdf\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Tian Anmen Square:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.maps-china.com\/beijing\/tiananmen-square.htm\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><em>37.<\/em><\/strong><strong>\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:<em>\u00a0 Friday, April 17<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this \u00a0section, we will return to the familiar question: \u00a0&#8220;Is it possible to reform communism.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>38.\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><strong>LECTURE:\u00a0 Mon<em>day, April 20<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_291\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-291\" style=\"width: 500px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/hungarianborder.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-291\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/hungarianborder.jpg\" alt=\"Cutting down the border fence between Hungary and Austria\" width=\"500\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/hungarianborder.jpg 500w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/hungarianborder-300x211.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-291\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cutting down the border fence between Hungary and Austria<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>Gorbachev was not alone.\u00a0<\/strong>His reforms helped to accelerate significant shifts in domestic policies that were already underway in countries like Hungary and Poland.\u00a0 Yet when Gorbachev\u2019s efforts proved to be unworkable, these governments had to decide whether they would continue with reform or simply move on to something entirely new.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Z\u201d (Martin Malia), \u201cTo the Stalin Museum,\u201d\u00a0<em>Daedalus<\/em>, 119, 1 (1990):\u00a0 section X.\u00a0 (Course Reader)<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cMeeting Gorbachev,\u201d in Vaclav Havel,\u00a0<em>Open Letters<\/em>, 351-354.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>39.\u00a0\u00a0 LECTURE: \u00a0Wednesday<em>, April 22\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Those who refuse to learn . . . . are punished by history.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>In this lecture, I will address the fall of the Berlin Wall and the ensuing collapse of communism in East Europe by describing my own experiences in East Germany in the late 1980s.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cTesting Ground,\u201d in Vaclav Havel,\u00a0<em>Open Letters<\/em>, pp. 373-376.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><em>Previously secret:\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>Record of Conversation between Mikhail Gorbachev and the politburo of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany, October 7, 1989:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~nsarchiv\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB290\/doc06.pdf\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>A. James McAdams,\u00a0<em>The Idea of the Communist Party\u00a0<\/em>(forthcoming), Chapter 12. In your READER<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>40. \u00a0DISCUSSION SECTION: \u00a0Friday, April 24<\/b><\/p>\n<p>A discussion on the nature of &#8220;historical change&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>41. \u00a0LECTURE, \u00a0Monday, April 27<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Others learned from history\u00a0what we didn&#8217;t want them to learn . . . . and somehow managed to survived. \u00a0<\/strong>China, North Korea, and Cuba engaged in retrenchment, but significantly \u2018retrenchment\u2019 meant different things to each of them. \u00a0Also, one can legitimately ask whether these are still communist states.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_295\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-295\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/Castro.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-295\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/Castro.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;What, me worry?&quot;\" width=\"1000\" height=\"851\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/Castro.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2015\/01\/Castro-300x255.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-295\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;What, me worry?&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>An interview with Fidel Castro, \u201cBlaming Stalin for everything would be historical simplism,\u201d June 3, 1992:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/history\/cuba\/archive\/castro\/1992\/06\/03.htm\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>A new and most dangerous class enemy in Cuba: \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.airbnb.com\/s\/cuba?source=hdr\">HERE<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Chinese General Secretary Xi Jinping, \u00a0Document 9: \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinafile.com\/document-9-chinafile-translation\">HERE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Your final essay assignment is\u00a0<\/strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/final-essay\/\">HERE<\/a><\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a042. \u00a0LECTURE:<em>\u00a0 Wednesday, April 29<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Autopsy is Finished.<\/strong>\u00a0 We return to where we began.\u00a0 I seek to make sense of the \u201clong, strange trip\u201d that was world communism.\u00a0 Some experts say that\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/_QeEdv2l2x30\/SP2Yeib85kI\/AAAAAAAABQ8\/i9YE_nVd2CQ\/s400\/7.jpg\">Lenin is dead<\/a>. \u00a0I am not so sure.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">THE END<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><br \/>\nThe use of electronic devices of any kind, including laptops, cell phones, video cameras, and personal digital devices, as well as those I don\u2019t even know about, is prohibited in my classroom!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By the late 1980s and early 1990s, some people turned out to be big winners in the long history of the international communist movement; others were big losers. \u00a0What happened? \/ Let us return to the debate between Cohen (individual volition) and \u2018Z\u2019 (structure).\u00a0 Should the Hungarian (1956) and Czechoslovak (1968) experiments with socialist reform &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/page-5\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">WINNERS AND LOSERS<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":344,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":606,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19\/revisions\/606"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}