{"id":2,"date":"2014-12-16T15:10:34","date_gmt":"2014-12-16T15:10:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2015-02-03T22:10:17","modified_gmt":"2015-02-04T02:10:17","slug":"page-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/page-1\/","title":{"rendered":"FOUNDERS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\"><strong><strong><strong>1.\u00a0 LECTURE: \u00a0Wednesday<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><strong><strong>,\u00a0<em>January 14<\/em><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_260\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-260\" style=\"width: 184px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/su-vs-us.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-260\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/su-vs-us.jpg\" alt=\"Life in the Soviet Union versus life in the United States\" width=\"184\" height=\"274\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-260\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Life in the Soviet Union versus life in the United States<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><br \/>\nThe Role of Leadership versus the Impact of Institutions.<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00a0Our goal in this course is to answer four questions: \u00a01) Why was world communism appealing? \u00a02) Why did its noble ideals become deformed? 3) Why did it last as long as it did? 4) Why did it fail? Today, I will begin by talking about the sometimes complementary, sometimes contradictory roles of leadership and institutions.\u00a0 I will also discuss why we should study world communism as a process of\u00a0 development, and not as a fixed and immutable set of institutions and ideas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff\">.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"posttitle\" style=\"color: #333333\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry\" style=\"color: #333333\"><strong>2.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION: \u00a0<\/strong><strong><em>Friday, January 16<\/em><\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry\" style=\"color: #333333\">For your first discussion section, \u00a0please read both of the articles below. Cohen and \u201cZ\u201d (the late historian Martin Malia) take fundamentally different approaches to the study of world communism. Cohen emphasizes human volition (leadership), Malia emphasizes structure (institutions).\u00a0\u00a0 As we shall see throughout this course, the two approaches have significantly different implications for how we understand our subject matter.\u00a0 For now, you only need to concentrate on identifying and internalizing the authors\u2019 basic arguments.\u00a0 Don\u2019t worry about the details. We will address the events behind their positions as we move through\u00a0 the 20th century.<\/div>\n<div class=\"entry\" style=\"color: #333333\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"entry\" style=\"color: #333333\">\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Stephen F. Cohen,\u00a0<em>Rethinking the Soviet Experience<\/em>, ch. 2:\u00a0 <em>Course Reader<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cZ\u201d (Martin Malia), \u201cTo the Stalin Mausoleum,\u201d\u00a0<em>Daedalus<\/em>, 119, 1 (1990): only sections I, II, XI, and XII.<em> Course Reader<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><strong>Writing assignment<\/strong><\/em>: Please write a one-paragraph response (no more!) to the following question and turn it in to Greg. \u201cWhy is Cohen\u2019s critique of the Whig interpretation of history relevant to his debate with \u2018Z\u2019?\u201d \u00a0Make sure you bring your Reader to this section. As a matter of principle, you should always have your materials in front of you.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. LECTURE: \u00a0<\/strong><em><b>Monday, \u00a0January <\/b><strong>19<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Founders: \u00a0Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels\u2019\u00a0<em>Communist Manifesto<\/em>.<\/strong>\u00a0 The Communist\u00a0<em>Manifesto<\/em>\u00a0 is one of the most important documents of modern times. \u00a0It offers a breathless outline of Marx\u2019s prophecies about world revolution.\u00a0It is also full of ambiguities, all of which are\u00a0important in the evolution of communism.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_265\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-265\" style=\"width: 615px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/workers-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-265\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/workers-1.jpg\" alt=\"&quot;Workers of the world unite!&quot;\" width=\"615\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/workers-1.jpg 615w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/workers-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 615px) 100vw, 615px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-265\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8220;Workers of the world unite!&#8221;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As you read the\u00a0<em>Manifesto<\/em>, ask yourself: \u00a0What made this pamphlet so attractive for revolutionaries across the world and over one and on-half centuries?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Read\u00a0only sections 1, 2, and 4.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>For background, read this brief excerpt from Friedrich Engels&#8217;\u00a0<em>The Condition of the Working Class in England.<\/em><\/li>\n<li>If you are interested, for a useful study guide on the<em>\u00a0Manifesto,\u00a0<\/em>see\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wsu.edu\/~brians\/hum_303\/manifesto.html\">HERE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4.\u00a0 LECTURE:<\/strong>\u00a0<em><strong>Wednesday, January 21<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The (First) Rise and Fall of Communism:\u00a0 Western Europe.<\/strong>\u00a0 In this lecture, I will describe two\u00a0different\u00a0images of the path to\u00a0socialism in Europe.\u00a0\u00a0 As you read about\u00a0them, imagine that you are living at the cusp of 20th century \u00a0Europe:\u00a0 What key issues are Bernstein and Luxemburg raising?\u00a0 What conception would make the most sense to you?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Eduard Bernstein,\u00a0<em>Evolutionary Socialism<\/em>\u00a0(1899), Preface:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/Bernstein.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rosa Luxemburg,\u00a0 \u201cReform or Revolution\u201d (1900).\u00a0 Read the &#8220;Introduction&#8221; \u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/luxemburg\/1900\/reform-revolution\/intro.htm\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 and &#8220;Collapse&#8221; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/luxemburg\/1900\/reform-revolution\/ch09.htm\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 (<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/rosa-luxemburg-sozialistin-gr.jpg\" alt=\"rosa-luxemburg-sozialistin-gr\" width=\"814\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/rosa-luxemburg-sozialistin-gr.jpg 814w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/rosa-luxemburg-sozialistin-gr-300x253.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 814px) 100vw, 814px\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION: \u00a0<\/strong><strong><em>Friday, January 23<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The goal of this section is to discuss not only what Marx says about world revolution but also how his remarks could be differently interpreted by successive generations of communists.\u00a0 Don\u2019t forget to bring the\u00a0<em>Communist Manifesto<\/em>\u00a0to your discussion section.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Writing assignment<\/em>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cIf, according to Marx, the bourgeoisie\u2019s \u201cfall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable,\u201d\u00a0why do you need Communists to \u201cpoint out and bring to the front the common interests of the movement as a whole\u201d?\u00a0 Turn in this paragraph to Greg on Friday (i.e., today).<\/p>\n<p><strong>6. LECTURE:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Monday, January 26<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The World Revolution\u2019s Unanticipated Setting: \u00a0Russia.<\/strong>\u00a0 None of the early communists, not even Marx or Engels, expected their revolution to take place in Russia. \u00a0 Why did the revolution occur first in Russia?\u00a0One must consider the setting of the revolution in order to understand two essential facts about world communism:\u00a0 1) the Russian context was better suited than the modern industrial world to live up to Marx\u2019s prophecies; and 2) the\u00a0 fact that the revolution first occurred in this setting set the stage for conflict in the international communist movement for\u00a0generations to come..<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>William Rosenberg and Marilyn Young,<em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, pp. 3-34.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>7.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Wednesday, January 28<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lenin asks and answers the Question: \u201cWhat is to be Done?\u201d<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/lenin-speaking.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-172\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/lenin-speaking.jpg\" alt=\"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin\" width=\"1280\" height=\"917\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/lenin-speaking.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/lenin-speaking-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/files\/2014\/12\/lenin-speaking-1024x734.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Lenin provides the foundational definition of the Communist party.\u00a0 But 15 years later, he gives us some potentially contradictory suggestions about the utopian society to come. More than Marx, Lenin becomes the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/lenin-as-icon\/\">icon<\/a>\u00a0of world revolution.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Vladimir I. Lenin,\u00a0<em>What is to be Done?<\/em>\u00a0(1901-1902): \u00a0excerpts\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/lenin-what-is-to-be-done\/\">HERE<\/a>. \u00a0(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Vladimir I. Lenin,<em>\u00a0State and Revolution<\/em>\u00a0(1917): \u00a0\u00a0Excerpts <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/lenin-state-and-revolution\/\">HERE<\/a> \u00a0(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Print and Read<\/span>)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rosenberg and Young,\u00a0<em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, pp. 35-71.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Background reading about Lenin:\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyguide.org\/europe\/lenin.html\">HERE<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sergei Eisenstein\u2019s depiction of the Revolution:\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=x0QAjpeosgU\">You Tube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In preparation for your discussion section on Friday, Greg and I are asking you to participate in a discussion on <strong>Sakai<\/strong> (see the link on the left column) about the following question:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u201cIn which of Lenin&#8217;s two works, <em>What is to be Done?<\/em> and <em>State and Revolution<\/em>, do we find the\u00a0<em>real<\/em>\u00a0Lenin?\u00a0 Or do they both present us with the real Lenin?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>There is <em>no<\/em>\u00a0paragraph assignment for Friday.<\/p>\n<p><strong>8.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0 Friday, January 30<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>What are the similarities between Lenin\u2019s\u00a0<em>What is to be Done?<\/em>\u00a0and his\u00a0<em>State and Revolution<\/em>?\u00a0 What are the differences?\u00a0 Are these differences necessarily contradictory?\u00a0 Is the first pragmatic, and the second merely propaganda?<\/p>\n<p>In\u00a0<em>State and Revolution<\/em>, Lenin refers to the Paris Commune of 1871. Lenin&#8217;s highly romanticized depiction of the Commune was subsequently used by communist regimes to present an image of truly participatory politics after the passage to socialism was completed. Yet, the Commune was much less of a success than they maintained. \u00a0For background, you may skim this description. \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris_Commune\">HERE<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>9.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Monday, February 2<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>China&#8217;s different antecedents to Revolution.<\/strong>\u00a0 In this lecture, I draw upon China&#8217;s history to present the background to two different paths to revolution. \u00a0Later, this will allow me to explain\u00a0why these paths had significant consequences for world communism.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Rosenberg and Young,\u00a0<em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, pp. 72-119.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Sun Yatsen in Paris:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/00\/Sun_Yat_Sen_in_Paris_1905.png\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Robert Tucker, \u201cMarxism and Communist Revolutions\u201d:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2011\/Marxism_and_Communist.pdf\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 (Print)<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-297\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism-fall2011\/files\/2011\/08\/anyuan-study-young-mao-zedong.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"420\" \/><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Mao Zedong, \u201cReport on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan,\u201d March 1927:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/mod\/1927mao.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n10.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Wednesday, February 4<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Battles over the Russian Path to World Revolution.<\/strong>\u00a0 The idea of an international \u00a0proletarian revolution seemed straightforward to the early Marxists.\u00a0 But when the revolution came to Russia instead of the West, the event unleashed a debate among Soviet leaders about the implications of this experience.\u00a0Their conclusions about\u00a0building socialism within their country were profoundly different.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Rosenberg and Young,\u00a0<em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, 120-35, 147-66.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cZ,\u201d \u201cStalin Mausoleum,\u201d sections II-V.\u00a0 Course Reader<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nikolai Bukharin, \u201cThe New Economic Policy of Soviet Russia,\u201d July 8, 1921:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/bukharin\/works\/1921\/07\/08.htm\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 (Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>J. V. Stalin, \u201cThe October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists\u201d (excerpt), Dec. 17, 1924:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/WC_2010\/Stalinrussrev.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>J. V. Stalin, \u201cBukharin\u2019s Group and the Right Deviation in our Party,\u201d January 1928:\u00a0\u00a0<a style=\"color: #185e15\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/archive\/stalin\/works\/1929\/x01\/x02.htm\">HERE<\/a>(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>11.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0<em>Friday, February 6<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>One paragraph writing assignment<\/em><\/strong>:<\/p>\n<p>In many ways, Lenin\u2019s <em>What is to be Done?<\/em> and Mao Zedong\u2019s <em>Report on the Peasant Movement in Hunan<\/em>\u00a0present different types of arguments.\u00a0\u00a0But, what primary feature do their arguments\u00a0<strong>share<\/strong> in common?\u00a0 There is no single right answer to this question.\u00a0 Just pick the answer that you find most compelling.<\/p>\n<p>The goal of this section is to provoke you into inquiring about the similarities and differences of\u00a0communist movements in\u00a0diverse settings.\u00a0 One cannot simply say\u00a0that communism is the same wherever you go; this was the big mistake that American policymakers frequently made\u00a0during the\u00a0Cold War.\u00a0 Still, we don\u2019t want to say that communist regimes were\u00a0different wherever one found them.\u00a0 After all, if they were all different, why should we even use the same word \u201ccommunist\u201d\u00a0to characterize them?<\/p>\n<p>All of these issues should reverberate throughout your study of political science. \u00a0The best way to understand anything is to compare it with something else. \u00a0Then, ask: \u00a0What are the similarities? \u00a0What are the differences? \u00a0This is one of the best things you get out of traveling and living abroad. \u00a0When I am visiting really interesting cities&#8211;Pyongyang, Hanoi, Berlin, Beijing&#8211;I learn something about them but even more about the United States.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>The use of electronic devices of any kind, including laptops, I-pads, cell phones, video cameras, and personal digital devices, is prohibited in my classroom!<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.\u00a0 LECTURE: \u00a0Wednesday,\u00a0January 14 The Role of Leadership versus the Impact of Institutions.\u00a0 \u00a0Our goal in this course is to answer four questions: \u00a01) Why was world communism appealing? \u00a02) Why did its noble ideals become deformed? 3) Why did it last as long as it did? 4) Why did it fail? Today, I will &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/page-1\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">FOUNDERS<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":220,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":445,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions\/445"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/220"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism-spring-2015\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}