{"id":131,"date":"2011-01-12T21:36:12","date_gmt":"2011-01-12T21:36:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=131"},"modified":"2011-02-05T18:11:15","modified_gmt":"2011-02-05T18:11:15","slug":"test","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=131","title":{"rendered":"FOUNDERS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Peasants-and-Workers.jpg\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Peasants-and-Workers.jpg\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Peasants-and-Workers.jpg\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/minsk13.jpg\"><\/a>1.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0 <em>Wednesday, January 19<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Introduction.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I have\u00a0constructed this course around\u00a0four questions:\u00a0 1) Why was world communism appealing? 2) What caused it to become deformed?\u00a0 3) Why did it last as long as it did?\u00a0 And, 4)\u00a0why did it fail? \u00a0To set the stage for\u00a0 these questions, I will\u00a0introduce two factors that recurrently arise in the study of communism.\u00a0 These factors are\u00a0\u00a0the sometimes\u00a0complementary, sometimes contradictory roles of <em>leadership<\/em> and <em>institutions<\/em>.\u00a0 I will also argue that we should study\u00a0world communism\u00a0as a process of\u00a0 development, and not as a fixed and immutable identity.\u00a0\u00a0This is an important point because it helps us to understand why not all communist regimes ended up looking the\u00a0 same.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>2.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:<em>\u00a0 Friday, January 21<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Read both of the articles <em>below<\/em>\u00a0to prepare for this discussion section and to respond to your writing assignment. Cohen and \u201cZ\u201d (the historian Martin Malia) take\u00a0fundamentally different approaches to the study of world communism.\u00a0Cohen emphasizes human volition,\u00a0Malia emphasizes structure.\u00a0\u00a0 As we shall see throughout this course, the two approaches have significantly different implications.\u00a0 At this point,\u00a0you\u00a0only need to\u00a0concentrate on identifying and internalizing the authors\u2019 arguments.\u00a0 We will address the events behind their\u00a0positions as we move through\u00a0 the 20th century.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em><strong>Writing assignment<\/strong><\/em>:\u00a0 \u201cWhy is Cohen\u2019s critique of the Whig interpretation of history relevant to his debate with \u2018Z\u2019?\u201d\u00a0 Please write one paragraph (no more!)\u00a0for your discussion section on Friday.\u00a0 Turn in\u00a0the assignment\u00a0to your TA at that time.\u00a0 Since you will examine the two\u00a0articles closely, be sure to bring your <em>Reader<\/em> to this section.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Stephen F. Cohen,\u00a0<em>Rethinking the Soviet Experience<\/em>, ch. 2:\u00a0 <em>Course Reader<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cZ\u201d (Martin Malia), \u201cTo the Stalin Mausoleum,\u201d <em>Daedalus<\/em>, 119, 1 (1990): <em>only<\/em> sections I, II, XI, and XII.\u00a0<em>Course Reader<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>3.\u00a0LECTURE:\u00a0 <em>\u00a0Monday, January 24<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>The Foundations: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels&#8217;\u00a0<em>Communist Manifesto.<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 The <em>Manifesto<\/em>\u00a0offers a convenient and concise\u00a0outline\u00a0of Marx\u2019s prophecies about world revolution.\u00a0 Importantly, it is also an ambiguous\u00a0guide to many of the issues that arise over the course of communist history.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, <em>The Communist Manifesto<\/em> (1848).\u00a0\u00a0Only sections 1,2, and 4.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">For a useful study guide on reading the Manifesto, see <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wsu.edu\/~brians\/hum_303\/manifesto.html\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>4.\u00a0 LECTURE:<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><em> Wednesday, January 26<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Contending\u00a0Visions of Socialism and Revolution.<\/strong>\u00a0 In this lecture, I will describe two different conceptions of\u00a0how the communist revolution\u00a0was supposed to take <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/RusRev.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-353\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/RusRev-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a>place in turn-of-the-century Britain and\u00a0Germany.\u00a0 These two documents represent important examples about these conceptions.\u00a0 As you read them, imagine that you are living at the cusp of 20th century Europe:\u00a0 What key issues are Bernstein and Luxemberg raising?\u00a0 If you were interested in revolutionary change, why would these perspectives matter to you?<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Eduard Bernstein, <em>Evolutionary Socialism<\/em> (1899), Preface: \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/Bernstein.html\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Rosa Luxemburg,\u00a0 \u201cReform or Revolution\u201d\u00a0(1900). \u00a0Read <em>only<\/em> the Introduction: <em>\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/luxemburg\/1900\/reform-revolution\/intro.htm\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>5.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0 <em>Friday, January 28<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em><strong>Writing assignment:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 \u201cIf, according to Marx, the\u00a0bourgeoisie\u2019s \u201cfall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable,\u201d then why do you need Communists to \u201cpoint out and bring to the front the common interests of the movement as a whole\u201d?\u00a0 Turn in this paragraph to your TA on Friday.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The goal of this section is to discuss\u00a0not only\u00a0what Marx says about world revolution\u00a0but also\u00a0how his remarks could be\u00a0differently interpreted by successive generations of communists.\u00a0\u00a0Don&#8217;t forget\u00a0to bring the <em>Communist Manifesto<\/em> to your discussion section.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>6. LECTURE:\u00a0 <em>Monday, January 31<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>The World Revolution&#8217;s\u00a0unexpected Setting:\u00a0 Backward Russia.<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0None\u00a0of the early communists, not even Marx or Engels,\u00a0expected their revolution\u00a0to take\u00a0place in Russia.\u00a0 In fact, Marx was adamant that it would not.\u00a0 Why did the revolution occur first in Russia?\u00a0 One must consider the setting of the revolution in order to understand two essential facts about world communism:\u00a0 1)\u00a0why\u00a0the Russian context was better suited than the modern industrial world to live up to Marx&#8217;s prophecies; and 2) why\u00a0this setting provided the fuel for full-blown conflicts among communist movements for\u00a0generations to come.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Robert Tucker, \u201cMarxism and Modernization,\u201d in\u00a0your <em>Course Reader<\/em>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">William Rosenberg and Marilyn Young, <em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, pp. 3-34.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>7.\u00a0 LECTURE CANCELLED:<em>\u00a0 Wednesday, February 2<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><em>Notre Dame is Shut Down for the &#8220;Exceedingly Lame Blizzard Of\u00a0 2011&#8221;\u00a0 (ELBOW 2011)\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>8.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0 <em>Friday, February 4<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">What are the similarities between Lenin\u2019s <em>What is to be Done?<\/em> and his <em>State and Revolution<\/em>?\u00a0 What are the differences?\u00a0 Are these differences <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Lenin-Lives.jpg\"><\/a>necessarily contradictory?\u00a0 Is the first pragmatic, and the second merely propaganda?<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Peasants-and-Workers.jpg\"><\/a>\u00a0 Or are they both central to\u00a0his theory of the transitions between\u00a0 capitalism and communism?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em><strong>One paragraph writing assignment:<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 \u201cIn which of these\u00a0two\u00a0works do we find\u00a0the <em>real<\/em> Lenin?\u00a0 Or\u00a0do they both present us with\u00a0the real Lenin?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>9.\u00a0 LECTURE:<em>\u00a0 Monday, February 7<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Lenin asks and answers the\u00a0Question:\u00a0\u201cWhat is to be Done?\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0Lenin provides<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/minsk13.jpg\"><\/a> the\u00a0foundational definition of the Communist party.\u00a0 But 15 years later, he\u00a0gives us some potentially contradictory<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Lenin-Lives.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-195\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Lenin-Lives.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"167\" height=\"250\" \/><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Lenin-Lives.jpg\"><\/a>\u00a0suggestions about the utopian society to come. More than Marx,\u00a0Lenin becomes the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.soviethistory.org\/bigScreenVideo.php?SubjectID=1917newculture&amp;Year=1917&amp;navi=byYear\">icon<\/a> of world revolution.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Vladimir I. Lenin, <em>What is to be Done?<\/em> (1901-1902):\u00a0\u00a0Excerpts in the\u00a0<em>Course Reader<\/em>.\u00a0 If you like, you can read the entire tract <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1901\/witbd\/\">HERE<\/a>.\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Vladimir I. Lenin, <em>State and Revolution <\/em>(1917):\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Only<\/em> the\u00a0excerpts in\u00a0the<em>\u00a0Course Reader<\/em>.\u00a0 If you like, you can read the entire tract <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/lenin\/works\/1917\/staterev\/\">HERE<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Rosenberg and Young, <em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, pp. 35-71.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>On <a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyguide.org\/europe\/lenin.html\">Lenin<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sergei Eisenstein&#8217;s depiction of the Revolution:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=x0QAjpeosgU\">You Tube<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>10.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0 <em>Wednesday, February 9<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Battles over\u00a0the Russian Path to World Revolution.<\/strong>\u00a0 The idea of a proletarian world revolution seemed straightforward to the\u00a0early Marxists.\u00a0 But when the revolution came to\u00a0Russia, a single, backward\u00a0country, instead of the West,\u00a0the event unleashed a\u00a0debate among Soviet leaders about the implications of this experience. Not only did they passionately disagree about this question but the conclusions they drew about building socialism within their\u00a0country\u00a0were profoundly different as well.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Rosenberg and Young, <em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, 120-35, 147-66.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>\u201cZ,\u201d \u201cStalin Mausoleum,\u201d sections II-V.\u00a0 <em>Course Reader<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Nikolai Bukharin, \u201cThe New Economic Policy of Soviet Russia,\u201d July 8, 1921:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/archive\/bukharin\/works\/1921\/07\/08.htm\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 (Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>J. V. Stalin, \u201cThe October Revolution and the Tactics of the Russian Communists\u201d (excerpt),\u00a0Dec. 17, 1924:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/WC_2010\/Stalinrussrev.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>J. V. Stalin, \u201cBukharin\u2019s Group and the Right Deviation in our Party,\u201d January 1928:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/reference\/archive\/stalin\/works\/1929\/x01\/x02.htm\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>11.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0<em> Friday, February 11<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Paragraph assignment<\/strong><\/em>:\u00a0 \u201cWas the Stalinist victory over the Bukharinist\u00a0approach to building socialism inevitable, or at least extremely likely?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>I realize that your knowledge about Soviet history is limited.\u00a0 As a result, I do not expect you to be able to address all the\u00a0 nuances of this question.\u00a0 You should simply base your response on your primary readings and the knowledge you have gained from\u00a0secondary sources, such as Cohen and &#8220;Z.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The goal of this section\u00a0is to\u00a0discuss the issue of alternatives to Stalinism and identify the\u00a0kinds of evidence that you would need\u00a0to prove that such\u00a0 alternatives existed.\u00a0 If Bukharin had been victorious in his struggle with <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Moscow11.jpg\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Moscow11.jpg\"><\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Moscow11.jpg\"><\/a>Stalin, would he have been willing and able to implement a more benign version of Marxism-Leninism?\u00a0 Or was there some characteristic\u00a0that Lenin introduced into Soviet socialism that would have driven\u00a0Bukharin and other like-minded revolutionaries in Stalin\u2019s direction?\u00a0\u00a0This section is designed to develop your analytical skills in assessing complex arguments.\u00a0 Thus, be sure to print the articles for this week by Stalin (\u201cThe October Revolution,\u201d \u201cBukharin\u2019s Group\u201d) and Bukharin(\u201cThe New Economic Policy of Soviet Russia&#8221;) and bring them to this section.\u00a0 Also, bring your Lenin readings from the <em>Course Reader<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>12.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0<em> Monday,\u00a0February 14<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Making\u00a0Revolution from above\u00a0versus Struggling from Below?<\/strong>\u00a0 In this lecture, I present two different paths to revolution and suggest why these paths have had significant\u00a0consequences <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Peasants-and-Workers.jpg\"><\/a>for world<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/stalin-mao1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-392\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/stalin-mao1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a> communism.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Rosenberg and Young, <em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>,\u00a0pp. 72-119.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Robert Tucker, &#8220;Marxism and Communist Revolutions&#8221;:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2011\/Marxism_and_Communist.pdf\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Mao Zedong, \u201cReport on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan,\u201d March 1927:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/mod\/1927mao.html\">HERE<\/a> (Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\"><strong>EVENING FILM:\u00a0 &#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.culture.pl\/en\/culture\/artykuly\/dz_przesluchanie_bugajski\">Interrogation<\/a>&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px\"><strong>First\u00a0Showing of &#8220;Interrogation,&#8221;\u00a0 Tuesday,\u00a0February 15 at 7:00 pm in 114 Pasquerilla Center<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>Second Showing of &#8220;Interrogation,&#8221;\u00a0 Wednesday, February 16 at 7:00 pm in 107 Pasquerilla Center<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\u00a0<br \/>\n<em><br \/>\nThe use of electronic devices of any kind, including laptops, cell phones, video cameras, and personal digital devices, is prohibited in my classroom!<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?p=133\"><strong>Top of Page<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Founders\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=131\"><strong>Founders<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Competitors\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=139\"><strong>Competitors<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Defenders\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=141\"><strong>Defenders<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Reformers\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=143\"><strong>Reformers<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=145\"><strong>Losers<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0 Wednesday, January 19 Introduction.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0I have\u00a0constructed this course around\u00a0four questions:\u00a0 1) Why was world communism appealing? 2) What caused it to become deformed?\u00a0 3) Why did it last as long as it did?\u00a0 And, 4)\u00a0why did it fail? \u00a0To set the stage for\u00a0 these questions, I will\u00a0introduce two factors that recurrently arise in the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":10,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-131","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=131"}],"version-history":[{"count":53,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":201,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/131\/revisions\/201"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}