{"id":141,"date":"2011-01-12T21:58:00","date_gmt":"2011-01-12T21:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=141"},"modified":"2011-03-22T20:16:19","modified_gmt":"2011-03-22T20:16:19","slug":"defenders-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=141","title":{"rendered":"DEFENDERS"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/hungary1956rev.jpg\"><\/a>19.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0<em> Wednesday, March 2<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Khrushchev\u00a0Attempts to Rejuvenate Leninism.\u00a0 <\/strong>You can measure the significance of an event by the changes it stimulates.\u00a0 Stalin\u2019s death\u00a0(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=T-EwVVm89og&amp;feature=related\">video<\/a>\u00a0in Russian)\u00a0is<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/StalKhr.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-361\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/StalKhr.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"159\" \/><\/a> a perfect example of a world- historical event.\u00a0 In 1953, the question was how to take advantage of the opportunity.\u00a0 The new First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev, answered this question in one of the most influential speeches in the history of world communism.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cZ\u201d (Martin Malia), \u201cTo the Stalin Mausoleum,\u201d section VIII.\u00a0 <em>Course Reader<\/em><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Nikita Khrushchev\u2019s secret speech to the 20th Congress of the CPSU, February 25, 1956:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/Secret%20speech.html\">HERE<\/a>.\u00a0 (Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">William Rosenberg and Marilyn Young, <em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, pp. 244-74.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>20.\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0<em> Friday, March 4<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>Paragraph Assignment<\/em>:\u00a0 What are the essential features of Nikita Khrushchev&#8217;s definition of &#8220;Leninism&#8221;?<\/p>\n<p>To what extent\u00a0should we consider\u00a0Khrushchev\u2019s \u201csecret speech\u201d to have been\u00a0<em>necessary<\/em> at this point in his country&#8217;s history?\u00a0 Given the\u00a0impact of the speech on the Soviet Union\u2019s allies in eastern Europe, should he have chosen his words differently?\u00a0 Or did he have no other choice?\u00a0\u00a0Read the \u201csecret speech\u201d carefully, print it, and bring it to this discussion section.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>21.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0\u00a0<em>Monday, March 7<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Crisis in Eastern Europe:\u00a0 Hungary and Poland<\/strong>.\u00a0 The striking difference between the tumultuous events in Hungary and Poland in 1956 is that one led to military intervention by Soviet bloc troops (see the videos <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hungary1956.com\/audiovideo\/Five_days_of_freedom_in_Budapest.avi\">here<\/a>\u00a0and <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/media\/video\/otdvideo\/56\/11\/12\/nb\/4740_12-11-56_4x3_nb.ram\">here<\/a>\u00a0of the Hungarian revolution) and the other did not.\u00a0 What did Hungary\u2019s leaders do that Poland\u2019s leaders managed to avoid?\u00a0 Were the conflicts really different?\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Previously secret:\u00a0 <\/em>The politburo of the CPSU meets to discuss the situation in Hungary and Poland, October 24, 1956:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&amp;fuseaction=va2.document&amp;identifier=E19CA50E-C952-5E1B-2662901FEE434CBB&amp;sort=Collection&amp;item=1956%20Hungarian%20Revolution\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Previously secret:\u00a0 <\/em>In an, at times, perversely<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/hungary1956rev2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-444\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/hungary1956rev2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"187\" \/><\/a>\u00a0sardonic speech, Nikita Khrushchev reports to party activists: November 4, 1956:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/khrushchevonhungary.html\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Map of Budapest (for lecture):\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/maps.google.com\/maps?um=1&amp;hl=en&amp;rls=com.microsoft:en-us&amp;q=budapest%20map%20google%20world&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;sa=N&amp;tab=il\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Chronology of the Hungarian Revolution:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us\/~sgati\/gatiproductions\/starting_over\/revolution.htm\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>22.\u00a0 DEBATE:\u00a0 <em>Wednesday, March 9<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>The Great TA Debate:\u00a0 Alex Dukalskis vs.\u00a0Vincent Stark<\/strong>.\u00a0 Imagine Charlie Sheen vs. Mel Gibson but bigger, better, and Bolshevik!<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>23.\u00a0 NO DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0<em> Friday, March 11<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">I will be in Beijing for the week.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>MID-TERM BREAK, MARCH 12-20<\/strong><\/p>\n<div><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<div><strong>24. LECTURE:\u00a0<em> Monday, March 21<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Re-revolutionizing Communism in China<\/strong>:\u00a0 \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=fTY5aZuO_bc&amp;feature=related\">The East is Red<\/a>.\u201c\u00a0 Like Stalin\u2019s terror in the Soviet Union, China\u2019s Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is one of those multi-year events that defies easy explanation, both because of its goals and because of its savage brutality (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vJVbcwk6CNI&amp;feature=related\">video<\/a>).\u00a0 One question is why Mao unleashed his terror.\u00a0 Another is why he was <em>able<\/em> to do it.\u00a0 Why would anyone agree that it was important to destroy one&#8217;s country in order to\u00a0build it?\u00a0 Among the peasantry and many communists, especially the young, there was enormous enthusiasm for the Cultural Revolution, as well as for the tragic Great Leap Forward that preceded it.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Mao Zedong, \u201cOn the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People,\u201d February 27, 1957:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nd.edu\/~amcadams\/Communism_2010\/Correcthandling.html\">HERE<\/a>. (Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">Deng Xiaoping,\u00a0 \u201cCorrectly Disseminate Mao Zedong Thought,\u201d May 25, 1960:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/english.peopledaily.com.cn\/dengxp\/vol1\/text\/a1340.html\">HERE<\/a>.\u00a0 (Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">\u201cCircular on the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,\u201d May 16, 1966: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.marxists.org\/subject\/china\/documents\/cpc\/cc_gpcr.htm\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0(Print)<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">William Rosenberg and Marilyn Young, <em>Transforming Russia and China<\/em>, remaining chapters on China,\u00a0 including the Great Leap Forward and the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.\u00a0 (Note:\u00a0 They get a little starry-eyed when they talk about the Cultural Revolution, so remember that this ten-year event led to the deaths of millions of people and destroyed the lives of hundreds of millions of others).<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Previously secret:\u00a0 <\/em>CIA Intelligence Report, \u201cThe Cultural Revolution and the New Political System in China,\u201d\u00a0 pp. 1-28, October 30, 1970:<strong> <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.foia.cia.gov\/browse_docs.asp?doc_no=0000393364\">HERE<\/a><strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>25.\u00a0\u00a0LECTURE: Wednesday \u00a0March 23<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sealing the European Divide<\/strong>.\u00a0 In this lecture, I will consider the practical and symbolic<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Potsdamerplatz.jpg\"><\/a> signicance of the erection of the Berlin Wall.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><em>Previously secret:\u00a0 <\/em>Letter from Walter Ulbricht\u00a0to Nikita <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Wallforcourse.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-435\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/files\/2011\/01\/Wallforcourse.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"195\" \/><\/a>Khrushchev,\u00a0 September 15, 1961:\u00a0 \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/coldwarfiles\/files\/Documents\/19610915_Ulbricht_Khrushchev.pdf\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div><em>Previously secret:\u00a0 <\/em>Nikita Khrushchev responds to\u00a0Walter Ulbricht, September 28, 1961: \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/coldwarfiles\/files\/Documents\/19610928_Khrushchev_Ulbricht.pdf\">HERE<\/a>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div>Maps:<br \/>\nDivided Germany:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a9\/Germany_occupation_zones_with_border.jpg\">HERE<\/a><br \/>\nInter-German Border:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/imgres?imgurl=http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/BGS_Puma_inner_German_border.jpg&amp;imgrefurl=http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:BGS_Puma_inner_German_border.jpg&amp;usg=__C7LrVOGiKLrc5jcvce_Bjkm9_To=&amp;h=1883&amp;w=2754&amp;sz=2858&amp;hl=en&amp;start=109&amp;zoom=1&amp;um=1&amp;itbs=1&amp;tbnid=jqi7xS1AileTeM:&amp;tbnh=103&amp;tbnw=150&amp;prev=\/images%3Fq%3Dinner-german%2Bborder%26start%3D100%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch:1&amp;ei=r_-ITfjuA-yG0QGNwqSzDg\">HERE<br \/>\n<\/a>Berlin Wall:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org\/pdf\/eng\/GHI_p961Berlin_a4_mb_E.pdf\">HERE<\/a><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00a0<strong><em>26.\u00a0 Friday, March 25\u00a0\u00a0 DISCUSSION SECTION<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Discussion Topic<\/em>:\u00a0\u00a0 Was Mao&#8217;s\u00a0conception of Leninism likely to lead\u00a0to\u00a0the bloodbath\u00a0of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?\u00a0 Is\u00a0this element in Mao&#8217;s conception of a Marxist revolution\u00a0evident in\u00a0Lenin&#8217;s thinking as well.\u00a0 To facilitate this discussion, compare and contrast your Monday readings about\u00a0the Cultural Revolution\u00a0with Lenin&#8217;s conception of revolution, especially in\u00a0<em>What is to be Done?<\/em> and <em>State and Revolution<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>The use of electronic devices of any kind, including laptops, video cameras, cell phones, and personal digital devices, is prohibited in my classroom!<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?p=133\"><strong>Top of Page<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Founders\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=131\"><strong>Founders<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Competitors\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=139\"><strong>Competitors<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Defenders\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=141\"><strong>Defenders<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a title=\"Reformers\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=143\"><strong>Reformers<\/strong><\/a><strong> \u00b7 <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.nd.edu\/communism\/?page_id=145\"><strong>Losers<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>19.\u00a0 LECTURE:\u00a0 Wednesday, March 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Khrushchev\u00a0Attempts to Rejuvenate Leninism.\u00a0 You can measure the significance of an event by the changes it stimulates.\u00a0 Stalin\u2019s death\u00a0(video\u00a0in Russian)\u00a0is a perfect example of a world- historical event.\u00a0 In 1953, the question was how to take advantage of the opportunity.\u00a0 The new First Secretary of the Communist Party of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":30,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-141","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=141"}],"version-history":[{"count":51,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":174,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/141\/revisions\/174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/communism\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=141"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}