{"id":77,"date":"2020-01-30T21:48:29","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T01:48:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/isabel-snee\/?page_id=77"},"modified":"2020-02-14T18:22:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-14T22:22:12","slug":"life-in-the-cold","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/isabel-snee\/life-in-the-cold\/","title":{"rendered":"Life in the Cold"},"content":{"rendered":"

Summary:<\/strong>\u00a0 Without the right clothes, nutrition, and shelter, the cold becomes a dangerous foe. \u00a0This sections addresses the physiological effects of cold on the body and how humans react to such harsh conditions.\u00a0 Hunger and hypothermia loom over the chilling winds of the cold and many can succumb to their hand if not prepared.<\/p>\n

How Cold Can You Go<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tolerance depends on the duration and extent of exposure. Clothing, wind, rain, and immersion drastically alter one\u2019 tolerance, making it difficult to give a clear estimate.\u00a0 \"\"For example, when properly clothed, temperature at -29 degrees Celsius remains safe.\u00a0 Yet just a wind chill at 10 mph freezes the skin in two minutes.\u00a0 Warming the skin via blood flow also causes heat loss and forces the body to cool. \u00a0Lungs constantly experience cold air, and in serious conditions, respiratory tract cells will slough off. \u00a0The cold impairs nerve function, sensation, manual dexterity, as well as increases dehydration.<\/p>\n

Coping with Cold<\/strong><\/p>\n

Decreasing heat loss means reducing skin blood flow.\u00a0 To prevent permanent skin tissue damage, the body alternates with periods of vasodilation and vasoconstriction.\u00a0 The body also increases heat production with muscle activity like shivering and exercise.\u00a0 When stimulated by adrenaline, brown fat in human bodies, especially young children burn fuel to produce heat.<\/p>\n

Frozen to Death<\/strong><\/p>\n

Exercise and alcohol lower blood sugar, diminishing the bodily response to the cold and increasing heat loss.\u00a0 Mild hypothermia induces shivering, numb hands, impaired manual dexterity, tiredness, and irritable.\u00a0 Moderate hypothermia (below 35 degrees C) brings on violent shivering, deterioration of muscle coordination, impaired mental abilities, and sleepiness.\u00a0 Below this temperature, shivering ceases and the ability to walk fails completely. \u00a0Profound hypothermia reduces heart rate, breathing rate, and consciousness past the measurable levels, leading to cardiac arrhythmias and death.\u00a0To try to reverse these effects, victims must be immersed in warm water and breathe in warm air.<\/p>\n

In Arctic Waters<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"Water causes heat loss faster than air, and exercise speeds heat loss since new water soon replaces recently warmed water, along increased extremity circulation.\u00a0 Subcutaneous fat proves advantageous in cold waters due to its insulation and heat production during exercise.<\/p>\n

Chapped Hands, Cold Feet, and Frostbite<\/strong><\/p>\n

Repeated cold exposure may cause chilblains (red, itchy patches of skin), Raynaud\u2019s syndrome (fingers and toes to turn white, blue, then red), or \u00a0trench foot, a local non-freezing cold injury results from prolonged cold exposure to cool and wet conditions.<\/p>\n

Frostbite varies depending on the depth of tissue freezing.\u00a0 When reheated, painful blisters will form, and if the penetration reaches the tendon, muscles, and bones, permanent damage results.\u00a0 Inside cells, water exits and high salt concentration yields massive cell death. \u00a0When thawing, fine blood vessels may leak and swell, inducing more cell death.<\/p>\n

Eskimos vs. Explorers<\/strong><\/p>\n

Intermittent exposure to cold somewhat increases cold adaptation, resulting in greater tolerance and less discomfort.\u00a0 Cold also stimulates appetite, and increased food intake causes a higher metabolic rate coupled with enhanced heat production.<\/p>\n

Cold Benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n

Surgeons utilize the cold to slow the metabolic rate of the body to decrease its oxygen demands, enabling blood to be interrupted without causing permanent damage.\u00a0Both heart and brain circulation slow and or stop to properly operate on.<\/p>\n

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Summary:\u00a0 Without the right clothes, nutrition, and shelter, the cold becomes a dangerous foe. \u00a0This sections addresses the physiological effects of cold on the body and how humans react to such harsh conditions.\u00a0 Hunger and hypothermia loom over the chilling winds of the cold and many can succumb to their hand if not prepared. How … <\/p>\n

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