{"id":84,"date":"2018-01-02T20:01:01","date_gmt":"2018-01-03T00:01:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/?page_id=84"},"modified":"2026-06-09T12:40:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-09T16:40:17","slug":"publications-papers-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/?page_id=84","title":{"rendered":"Publications & Working Papers"},"content":{"rendered":"

Books
\n<\/strong><\/h1>\n

Michael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg, eds. Why Democracies Develop and Decline<\/em><\/a> (Cambridge University Press, June 2022).
\nThis volume includes:
\nMichael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg, Chapter 1, \u201cIntroduction\u201d;
\nMichael Coppedge, Benjamin Denison, Paul Friesen, Lucia Tiscornia, and Yang Xu, Chapter 4, \u201cInternational Influence: The Hidden Dimension\u201d; and
\nMichael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg, Chapter 8, \u201cCausal Sequences in in Long-Term Democratic Development and Decline.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"VarietiesMichael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell, with David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro Neto , Joshua Krusell, Kelly McMann, Matthew Maguire, Kyle Marquardt, Valeriya Mechkova, Farhad Miri, Josefine Pernes, Jeffrey Staton, Natalia Stepanova, Eitan Tzelgov, and Yi-ting Wang, Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change<\/em><\/a>. (Cambridge University Press, 2020.)<\/p>\n

\"DemocratizationMichael Coppedge, Democratization and Research Methods<\/em><\/a> (Cambridge University Press, 2012).<\/p>\n

\"StrongMichael Coppedge, <\/span>Strong Parties and Lame Ducks: Presidential Partyarchy and Factionalism in Venezuela<\/em><\/a> (Stanford University Press, hardcover 1994, paperback 1997).<\/span><\/p>\n

Articles, Chapters, and More<\/h1>\n

2026<\/h2>\n

Zaytsev Dmitry, Valentina Kuskova, and Michael Coppedge, \u201cFrom Causal Discovery to Dynamic Causal Inference in Neural Time Series<\/a>.\u201d Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining<\/em> (ACM-KDD), AI4Sciences Track, 2026. arXiv preprint arXiv:2603.20980.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge, \u201cThe V-Dem Project: A Multidimensional Perspective on \u2018Democracy with Adjectives,\u2019\u201d commentary for Zachary Elkins, ed., Working with Concepts: Foundational Essays by David Collier, with Research Notes on Innovation in the Field <\/em>(Cambridge University Press, 2026) , pp. 92-102.<\/p>\n

Kuskova, Valentina, Zaytsev Dmitry, and Michael Coppedge, \u201cFunction-Valued Causal Influence in Nonlinear Time Series.\u201d Proceedings of The International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML)<\/em>, 2026.<\/p>\n

Zaytsev Dmitry, Valentina Kuskova, and Michael Coppedge, \u201cTrajectory-Aware Reliability Modeling of Democratic Systems<\/a>.\u201d Proceedings of the 31st ISSAT (International Society of Science and Applied Technologies) International Conference on Reliability and Quality in Design (RQD 2026)<\/em>, 2026.<\/p>\n

Kuskova, Valentina, Dmitry Zaytsev, and Michael Coppedge, \u201cBeyond Coefficients: Forecast-Necessity Testing for Interpretable Causal Discovery in Nonlinear Time-Series Models<\/a>.\u201d Paper accepted for the 39th<\/sup> International FLAIRS (Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Symposium) Conference, Marco Island, Florida, 17\u201320 May 2026.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge, \u201cResilience and Disruption in Latin America\u2019s Third Wave,\u201d Special Issue of Democratization <\/em>(On 50 years of the Third Wave of Democratization) 33:26 (2026), pp. 623-655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13510347.2026.2616434<\/a><\/p>\n

2025<\/h2>\n

Kyle Marquardt, Daniel Pemstein, Constanza Sanhueza Petrarca, Brigitte Seim, Steven Wilson, Michael Bernhard, Michael Coppedge, Staffan Lindberg, \u201cExperts, Coders, and Crowds: An Analysis of Substitutability.\u201d International Political Science Review<\/em>, forthcoming 2025. Online First: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01925121241293459<\/a><\/p>\n

2024<\/h2>\n

Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Kyle L Marquardt, Brigitte Seim, Michael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Juraj Medzihorsky, Daniel Pemstein, Jan Teorell, John Gerring and Staffan I Lindberg. 2023. “Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding<\/a>.” PS: Political Science & Politics<\/em> 57(2), 16 pp.<\/p>\n

2023<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, “Causal Sequences within Democracy.” Democracy<\/em> and Autocracy<\/em> 21(1)<\/a>, June 2023, pp. 30-31.<\/p>\n

Katherine Bersch and Michael Coppedge, Guest Editors. “New Democratization Research\u00a0 Agendas.” Democracy<\/em> and Autocracy<\/em> 21(1)<\/a>, June 2023, pp. 3-5.<\/p>\n

Carl Henrik Knutsen, Kyle L. Marquardt, Brigitte Seim, Michael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Juraj Medzihorsky, Daniel Pemstein, Jan Teorell, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cConceptual and Measurement Issues in Assessing Democratic Backsliding,\u201d University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 140. May 2023.<\/p>\n

2022<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, \u201cDemocracy and Autocracy Are Contagious,\u201d post on the International Forum for Democratic Studies blog, \u201cPower 3.0: Understanding Modern Authoritarian Influence,\u201d February 24, 2022. https:\/\/www.power3point0.org\/2022\/02\/24\/democracy-and-autocracy-are-contagious\/<\/a><\/p>\n

2021<\/h2>\n

Kelly M. McMann, Matthew Maguire, John Gerring, Michael Coppedge, and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cExplaining Subnational Regime Variation: Country-Level Factors<\/a>.\u201d Comparative Politics <\/em>53:4 (July 2021): 637-661.<\/p>\n

John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Matthew Maguire, Jan Teorell, and Michael Coppedge, \u201cElectoral Democracy and Human Development<\/a>,\u201d Democratization<\/em> 28:2 (2021): 308-332.<\/p>\n

2020<\/h2>\n

\u201cPref\u00e1cio<\/a>,\u201d in Diego Moraes and Humberto Dantas, eds., \u00cdndice de Democracia Local: Estudos a Partir da Experi\u00eancia de S\u00e3o Paulo<\/em>. Curitiba: Instituto Sivis, 2020. Published online only.<\/p>\n

2019<\/h2>\n

Staffan I. Lindberg, Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Joshua Krusell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Juraj Medzihorsky, Josefine Pernes, Natalia Stepanova, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, Daniel Pemstein, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, and Steven L. Wilson, \u201cThe Methodology of \u2018Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem)<\/a>,\u201d Bulletin de M\u00e9thodologie Sociologique<\/em>, forthcoming 2019.<\/p>\n

Jan Teorell, Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg, and Svend-Erik Skaaning, “Measuring Polyarchy across the Globe, 1900-2016.<\/a>\u201d\u00a0Studies in Comparative International Development <\/em>54:71-95.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge and David Kuehn, \u201cIntroduction: Absorbing the Four Methodological Disruptions in Democratization Research?<\/a>\u201d Democratization<\/em>\u00a0 26:1 (25th<\/sup> Anniversary Special Issue), 2019, 1-20.<\/p>\n

2018<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, \u201cRethinking Consensus vs. Majoritarian Democracy<\/a>.\u201d University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 78. October 2018.<\/p>\n

Carl Henrik Knutsen, John Gerring, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, Matthew Maguire, Michael Coppedge, and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cEconomic Development and Democracy: A Disaggregated Perspective<\/a>,\u201d Annals of Comparative Democratization<\/em> (formerly APSA-CD<\/em>) 16:3 (September 2018), pp. 7-11.<\/p>\n

Carl Henrik Knutsen, John Gerring, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, Matthew Maguire, Michael Coppedge and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cEconomic Development and Democracy: An Electoral Connection<\/a>,\u201d European Journal of Political Research<\/em>, published online as of April 2018.<\/p>\n

Fernando Bizzarro,\u00a0John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen,\u00a0Allen Hicken, Michael Bernhard,\u00a0Svend-Erik Skaaning, Michael Coppedge, and\u00a0Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cParty Strength and Economic Growth<\/a>.\u201d World Politics\u00a0<\/em>70:2 (April 2018): 275-320.<\/p>\n

2017<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, \u201cEroding Regimes: What, Where, and When?<\/a>\u201d University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 57. November 2017.<\/p>\n

Michael Bernhard, Eitan Tzelgov, Dong-Joon Jung, Michael Coppedge, and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cMaking Embedded Knowledge Transparent: How the V-Dem Dataset Opens New Vistas in Civil Society Research<\/a>.\u201d Perspectives on Politics<\/em> 15:2 (June 2017).<\/p>\n

Fernando Bizzarro and Michael Coppedge, “Variedades da Democracia no Brasil<\/a>,” Opini\u00e3o P\u00fablica<\/em>, vol. 23, no. 1 (April 2017): 1-42.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell, \u201cV-Dem Comparisons and Contrasts with Other Measurement Projects<\/a>.\u201d University of Gothenburg, Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 45. April 2017.<\/p>\n

2016<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell, \u201cMeasuring High Level Democratic Principles using the V-Dem Data<\/a>,\u201d International Political Science Review<\/em> 37:5 (November 2016): 580-593.<\/p>\n

\u201cA Democracia e seus desafios<\/a>,\u201d [op-ed] Ind\u00fastria e Com\u00e9rcio<\/em> (S\u00e3o Paulo), August 30, 2016; and Bem Paran\u00e1<\/em> (Curitiba, Brazil), September 9, 2016.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge, Benjamin Denison, Lucia Tiscornia and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cVarieties of Democratic Diffusion: Neighbors, Trade, and Alliance Networks,\u201d Varieties of Democracy Institute Working Paper No. 2 (revised), June 2016.<\/p>\n

Jan Teorell, Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg, and Svend-Erik Skaaning, “Measuring Electoral Democracy with V-Dem Data: Introducing a New Polyarchy Index<\/a>.\u201d Varieties of Democracy Institute Working Paper No. 25, March 2016.<\/p>\n

2015<\/h2>\n

Carl Henrik Knutsen, John Gerring, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, Matthew Maguire, Michael Coppedge, and Staffan Lindberg, \u201cEconomic Development and Democracy: An Electoral Connection<\/a>.\u201d Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 16, November 2015.<\/p>\n

Tiago Fernandes, Jo\u00e3o Cancela, Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg, and Allen Hicken, \u201cMeasuring Political Participation in Southern Europe: The Varieties of Democracy Approach<\/a>\u201d. Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 15, November 2015.<\/p>\n

Fernando Bizzarro Neto and Michael Coppedge, \u201cO Brasil na perspectiva do Projeto Variedades da Democracia<\/a>.\u201d Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 14, November 2015.<\/p>\n

Michael Bernhard, Eitan Tzelgov, Dong-Joon Jung, Michael Coppedge, and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cThe Varieties of Democracy Core Civil Society Index<\/a>.\u201d Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 13, October 2015.<\/p>\n

Michael Bernhard, Fernando Bizzarro, Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Allen Hicken, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg and Svend-Erik Skaaning, \u201cParty Strength and Economic Growth<\/a>.\u201d Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 10, September 2015.<\/p>\n

John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jan Teorell, Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg and Matthew Maguire, \u201cElectoral Democracy and Human Development<\/a>.\u201d Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 9. August 2015.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge, Staffan I. Lindberg, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell, \u201cMeasuring High Level Democratic Principles using the V-Dem Data<\/a>,\u201d Varieties of Democracy Working Paper No. 6, May 2015.<\/p>\n

Michael Coppedge, Lucia Tiscornia and Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cVarieties of Democratic Diffusion: Colonial Networks,\u201d Varieties of Democracy Institute: Working Paper No. 2. March 2015.<\/p>\n

2014<\/h2>\n

Staffan I. Lindberg, Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Steven Fish, Adam Glynn, Alan Hicken, Matthew Kroenig, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Megan Reif, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Eitan Tzelgov, and Yi-ting Wang, \u201cV-Dem: A New Way to Measure Democracy<\/a>,\u201d Journal of Democracy<\/em> 25: 3 (July 2014): 159-169.<\/p>\n

2013<\/h2>\n

Rodrigo Castro Cornejo and Michael Coppedge, \u201cEl Salvador: A Country Report Based on Data 1900-2012<\/a>,\u201d V-Dem Country Report Series<\/em>, No. 4, November 2013. Prepared for The European Union, represented by the European Commission under Service Contract No. EIDHR 2012\/298\/903. 33 pages.<\/p>\n

Rodrigo Castro Cornejo, Amadou S. Diop, and Michael Coppedge (with assistance from Ryan Schultheis, AnnaLee Rice, and Andrew Bramsen), \u201cSenegal: A Country Report Based on Data 1900-2012<\/a>,\u201d V-Dem Country Report Series<\/em>, No. 3, November 2013. Prepared for The European Union, represented by the European Commission under Service Contract No. EIDHR 2012\/298\/903. 35 pages.<\/p>\n

2012<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, \u201cVariedades de Democracia: Un Enfoque Hist\u00f3rico, Multidimensional y Desagregado<\/a>,\u201d [trans. Ana Bovino] Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Ciencia Pol\u00edtica <\/em>No. 30, November 2012, pp. 97-109.<\/p>\n

\u201cO\u2019Donnell the Conceptual Artist<\/a>,\u201d APSA-CD: Comparative Democratization <\/em>10:2 (June 2012).<\/p>\n

2011<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge and John Gerring, with David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Steven Fish, Allen Hicken, Matthew Kroenig, Staffan I. Lindberg, Kelly McMann, Pamela Paxton, Holli A. Semetko, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, and Jan Teorell, \u201cConceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach<\/a>,\u201d Perspectives on Politics<\/em> 9:2 (June 2011): 247-267.<\/p>\n

\u201cVarieties of Democracy: Rethinking Democracy Measurement,\u201d Newsletter of the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies<\/em>, Number 26 (Fall 2011), pp. 16-17.<\/p>\n

2010<\/h2>\n

\u201cContinuidad y cambio en los sistemas de partidos de Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a>,\u201d in Il\u00e1n Bizberg, ed., Mexico en el espejo latinoamericano <\/em>(Colegio de M\u00e9xico and Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2010), pp. 63-107. English version, \u201cContinuity and Change in Latin American Party Systems,\u201d in T.J. Cheng, untitled book seeking publisher.<\/em><\/p>\n

Henry Brady, Michael Brintnall, and Michael Coppedge, \u201cGrand Challenge: Improving Measures of Democracy and Governance<\/a>,\u201d white paper for National Science Foundation Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences, SBE 2020: Future Research in the Social, Behavioral & Economic Sciences <\/em>(October 2010).<\/p>\n

2009<\/h2>\n

\u201cSpeedbumps on the Road to Multimethod Consensus,\u201d Qualitative and Multi-Method Research<\/em> 7:2 (Fall 2009): 15-17.<\/p>\n

2008<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, Angel Alvarez, and Claudia Maldonado, \u201cTwo Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: Contestation and Inclusiveness<\/a>,\u201d Journal of Politics<\/em> 70:3 (July 2008): 632-647.<\/p>\n

\u201cAcci\u00f3n Democr\u00e1tica<\/a>,\u201d in Torcuato S. DiTella, ed., El repertorio pol\u00edtico latinoamericano<\/em> (5 volumes) (Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2008). 2 pp.<\/p>\n

\u201cComentario sobre Sartori, \u2018Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics<\/a>,\u2019\u201d for the Revista Latinoamericana de Pol\u00edtica Comparada<\/em> (Ecuador) 1:1 (July 2008): 71-72.<\/p>\n

2007<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge, Angel Alvarez, and Lucas Gonz\u00e1lez, \u201cDrugs, Civil War, and the Conditional Impact of the Economy on Democracy<\/a>,\u201d Kellogg Institute Working Paper Series No. 341 (October 2007).<\/p>\n

\u201cThickening Thin Concepts: Issues in Large-N Data Generation<\/a>,\u201d in Gerardo Munck, ed., Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods <\/em>(Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 105-122.<\/p>\n

\u201cTheory Building and Hypothesis Testing: Large- vs. Small-N Research on Democratization<\/a>,\u201d in Gerardo Munck, ed., Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods <\/em>(Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 163-177.<\/p>\n

\u201cContinuity and Change in Latin American Party Systems<\/a>,\u201d Taiwan Journal of Democracy<\/em> 3:2 (December 2007): 119-149.<\/p>\n

\u201cCase Studies Are for Intensive Testing and Theory Development, Not Extensive Testing<\/a>,\u201d Qualitative Methods <\/em>5:2 (Fall 2007): 2-3.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn Defense of Polyarchy<\/a>,\u201d in special issue on democracy promotion, NACLA Report on the Americas<\/em> 40:1 (January\/February 2007): 36-38.<\/p>\n

2006<\/h2>\n

Daniel Brinks and Michael Coppedge, \u201cDiffusion Is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy<\/a>\u201d Comparative Political Studies<\/em> 39:4 (May 2006): 463-489. Honorable Mention for the Best Article prize from the APSA Organized Section on Comparative Democratization<\/em>.<\/p>\n

2005<\/h2>\n

\u201cExplaining Democratic Deterioration in Venezuela Through Nested Inference<\/a>,\u201d in Frances Hagopian and Scott Mainwaring, eds., The Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America<\/em>, pp. 289-316 (Cambridge University Press, 2005).<\/p>\n

\u201cDefining and Measuring Democracy<\/a>,\u201d IPSA\/APSA Committee on Concepts and Methods Electronic Working Paper Series (April 2005). 55 pp.<\/p>\n

2004<\/h2>\n

\u201cQuality of Democracy and Its Measurement,\u201d in Guillermo O\u2019Donnell, Jorge Vargas Cullell, and Osvaldo M. Iazzetta, eds., The Quality of Democracy: Theory and Applications<\/em> (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004), pp. 239-248.\u00a0Published in Spanish as \u201cLa calidad de la democracia y su medici\u00f3n,\u201d in Guillermo O\u2019Donnell, Jorge Vargas Cullell, and Osvaldo M. Iazzetta, eds., Democracia, desarrollo humano y ciudadan\u00eda: Reflexiones sobre la calidad de la democracia en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em> (Rosario, Argentina: Homo Sapiens, 2003), pp. 339-350.<\/p>\n

2003<\/h2>\n

\u201cVenezuela: Popular Sovereignty versus Liberal Democracy<\/a>,\u201d in Jorge I. Dom\u00ednguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance, <\/em>2nd<\/sup> ed. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), pp. 165-192.\u00a0Published in Spanish as \u201cSoberan\u00eda popular versus democracia liberal en Venezuela,\u201d in Jorge I. Dom\u00ednguez and Michael Shifter, eds., Construyendo gobernabilidad democr\u00e1tica (<\/em>Bogot\u00e1: Fondo de Cultura Econ\u00f3mica, 2005), pp. 183-212. Published in Spanish (a different translation) as \u201cSoberan\u00eda popular versus democracia liberal en Venezuela,\u201d in Marisa Ramos Roll\u00f3n, ed., Venezuela: Rupturas y continuidades del proceso pol\u00edtico (1999-2001)<\/em> (Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2002), pp. 69-95. Early draft issued as \u201cVenezuela: Popular Sovereignty versus Liberal Democracy<\/a>,\u201d Kellogg Institute Working Paper #294 (April 2002).<\/p>\n

2002<\/h2>\n

“Democracy and Dimensions:\u00a0 Comments on Munck and Verkuilen<\/a>,\u201d in the Symposium on Gerardo Munck and Jay Verkuilen, \u201cConceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices,\u201d Comparative Political Studies<\/em> 35:1(February 2002): 35-39.<\/p>\n

2001<\/h2>\n

\u201cLatin American Parties: Political Darwinism in the Lost Decade<\/a>,\u201d in Larry Diamond and Richard Gunther, eds., Political Parties and Democracy<\/em> (Johns Hopkins UP, 2001), pp. 173-205.\u00a0Published in Spanish as \u201cPartidos latinoamericanos: Darwinismo pol\u00edtico en la d\u00e9cada perdida,\u201d Revista Argentina de Ciencia Pol\u00edtica<\/em> 4 (December 2000): 113-146.<\/p>\n

\u201cVenezuela,\u201d in Cynthia Arnson, ed., The Crisis of Democratic Governance in the Andes<\/em> (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Latin America Program, 2001), pp. 33-42.<\/p>\n

\u00a02000<\/h2>\n

\u201cParties and the Representation of Conservative Interests in Venezuela<\/a>,\u201d in Kevin J. Middlebrook, ed., Conservative Parties, Elite Representation, and Democracy in Latin America<\/em>, pp. 110-136 (Johns Hopkins UP, 2000).\u00a0Revised from \u201c<\/em>Venezuela: Conservative Representation Without Conservative Parties,\u201d Kellogg Institute Working Paper #268 (June 1999).<\/p>\n

1999<\/h2>\n

\u201cThickening Thin Concepts and Theories: Combining Large N and Small in Comparative Politics<\/a>,\u201d Comparative Politics<\/em> 31:4 (July 1999): 465-76. Reprinted in Alan Sica, ed., Comparative Methods in the Social Sciences<\/em>, SAGE Benchmarks in Social Research Methods Series (New Delhi: Sage Publications India, 2005). Also reprinted in causal inference section of the first volume of the Series, Quantitative Strategies for Social Science Research<\/em> (Quantitative Research Lab, FLACSO-M\u00e9xico), 2014.<\/p>\n

1990-1999<\/h2>\n

30 articles on Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela for the Encyclopedia Americana Book of the Year 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, and 1999<\/em> (Grolier, 1990-99).<\/p>\n

1998<\/h2>\n

\u201cThe Dynamic Diversity of Latin American Party Systems<\/a>,\u201d Party Politics<\/em> 4:4 (October 1998): 547-68. Also published in Spanish as \u201cLa diversidad din\u00e1mica de los sistemas de partidos latinoamericanos,\u201d POSTData<\/em> (U. Quilmes, Argentina) 6 (July 2000): 109-134.<\/p>\n

\u201cElectoral Reform Processes,\u201d for Administration and Cost of Elections CD and on-line encyclopedia (a joint project of International IDEA, the International Foundation for Election Systems, and UNDP, September 1998).\u00a0 <http:\/\/www.at.org\/ace><\/p>\n

“The Evolution of Latin American Party Systems<\/a>,” in Scott Mainwaring and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America<\/em>, pp. 171-206 (Westview, 1998).<\/p>\n

1997<\/h2>\n

\u201cDistrict Magnitude, Economic Performance, and Party-System Fragmentation in Five Latin American Countries<\/a>,\u201d Comparative Political Studies<\/em> 30:2 (April 1997): 156-85.<\/p>\n

“Modernization and Thresholds of Democracy: Evidence for a Common Path and Process,” in Manus Midlarsky, ed., Inequality, Democracy, and Economic Development<\/em>, pp. 177-201 (Cambridge UP, 1997).\u00a0Spanish version published as \u201cModernizaci\u00f3n y umbrales de democracia: Evidencias de un camino y un proceso comunes,\u201d in Ernesto L\u00f3pez and Scott Mainwaring, comps., Democracia: Discusiones y nuevas aproximaciones<\/em> (Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2000), pp. 103-135 (translated by Horacio Pons).<\/p>\n

\u201cA Classification of Latin American Political Parties<\/a>,\u201d Kellogg Institute Working Paper No. 244 (November 1997).<\/p>\n

\u201cEl concepto de la gobernabilidad: Modelos positivos y negativos<\/a>,\u201d in Esteban Vega, ed., Ecuador: Un problema de gobernabilidad<\/em> (Quito: Corporaci\u00f3n de Estudios para el Desarrollo (CORDES), 1997).<\/p>\n

1996<\/h2>\n

“The Rise and Fall of Partyarchy in Venezuela<\/a>,” in Jorge Dom\u00ednguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal, eds., Constructing Democratic Governance: Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s<\/em>, Part III, pp. 3-19 (Johns Hopkins UP, 1996).<\/p>\n

1995<\/h2>\n

“Partidocracia<\/em> and Reform in Comparative Perspective,” in J. McCoy, A. Serb\u00edn, W. Smith, and A. Stambouli, eds., Venezuelan Democracy Under Stress<\/em> (Transaction\/North-South Center, 1995), pp. 173-96.\u00a0In Spanish as “Partidocracia comparativa<\/a>,” in J. McCoy, A. Serb\u00edn, W. Smith, and A. Stambouli, eds., Democracia bajo presi\u00f3n<\/em> (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1993), pp. 139-60.<\/p>\n

“Polyarchy,” in S.M. Lipset, ed., The Encyclopedia of Democracy<\/em> (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1995).<\/p>\n

“Andean Countries,” in S.M. Lipset, ed., The Encyclopedia of Democracy<\/em> (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1995).<\/p>\n

“Instituciones y gobernabilidad democr\u00e1tica en Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/a>,” S\u00edntesis<\/em> (Madrid) 22 (julio-diciembre 1995); also in Antonio Camou, ed., Los desaf\u00edos de la gobernabilidad<\/em> (Mexico City: UNAM and FLACSO).<\/p>\n

“Freezing in the Tropics: Explaining Party-System Institutionalization in Latin America<\/a>.” Paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 6-8.\u00a0 The title of the original version was “Democratic Consolidation and Party-System Volatility in Latin America.” Unpublished.<\/p>\n

1994<\/h2>\n

“Prospects for Democratic Governability in Venezuela<\/a>,” Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs<\/em> 36:2 (Summer 1994): 39-64.\u00a0In Spanish as “Perspectivas de la gobernabilidad democr\u00e1tica en Venezuela,” Am\u00e9rica Latina Hoy<\/em> (Madrid) 2:8 (June 1994): 63-72.<\/p>\n

“Venezuela: Democratic Despite Presidentialism<\/a>,” in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy: The Case of Latin America<\/em>, pp. 322-47 (Johns Hopkins, 1994).<\/p>\n

1993<\/h2>\n

“Parties and Society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why Competition Matters<\/a>,” Comparative Politics<\/em> 25:3 (April 1993): 253-74.\u00a0Reprinted in Jorge I. Dom\u00ednguez, ed., Mexico, Central, and South America: New Perspectives<\/em>, vol. 4: Political Parties <\/em>(New York: Routledge, 2005). Also reprinted in Jorge I. Dom\u00ednguez, ed., Mexico, Central, and South America: The Scholarly Literature of the 1990s<\/em> (New York: Garland, 2002).<\/p>\n

“Venezuela,” in The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World<\/em> (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 887-888.\u00a0 Revised for second edition, 1999.<\/p>\n

“Mexican Democracy: You Can’t Get There from Here,” in Riordan Roett, ed., Political and Economic Liberalization in Mexico: At a Critical Juncture?<\/em>, pp. 127-40 (Lynne Rienner, 1993).\u00a0In Spanish as \u201cLa democracia mexicana se encuentra fuera de rumbo,\u201d in Riordan Roett, ed., La liberalizaci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica y pol\u00edtica de M\u00e9xico<\/em>, pp. 184-203 (Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 1993).<\/p>\n

1992<\/h2>\n

“Venezuela’s Vulnerable Democracy,” Journal of Democracy<\/em> 3:4 (October 1992): 32-44.\u00a0Updated version reprinted in English, Spanish, and Russian as “Political Barriers to Economic Reform: Venezuela,” Economic Reform Today<\/em> 3:1 (Winter 1993).<\/p>\n

“Prospectos de reestructuraci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica y pol\u00edtica en M\u00e9xico,” Este Pa\u00eds<\/em> (Mexico), No. 14 (May 1992): 43-45.<\/p>\n

1990<\/h2>\n

Michael Coppedge and Wolfgang Reinicke, “Measuring Polyarchy<\/a>,” Studies in Comparative International Development<\/em> 25:1 (Spring 1990): 51-72.\u00a0Reprinted<\/a> in Alex Inkeles, ed., On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants<\/em>, pp. 47-68 (Transaction, 1991).<\/p>\n

1988<\/h2>\n

(with Wolfgang Reinicke) “A Scale of Polyarchy,” in Raymond D. Gastil, ed., Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1987-1988<\/em> (Freedom House, 1988).<\/p>\n

“La pol\u00edtica interna de Acci\u00f3n Democr\u00e1tica durante la crisis econ\u00f3mica<\/a>,” Cuadernos del CENDES<\/em> No. 7, 2da Epoca (January-April 1988).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Books Michael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg, eds. Why Democracies Develop and Decline (Cambridge University Press, June 2022). This volume includes: Michael Coppedge, Amanda Edgell, Carl Henrik Knutsen, and Staffan I. Lindberg, Chapter 1, \u201cIntroduction\u201d; Michael Coppedge, Benjamin Denison, Paul Friesen, Lucia Tiscornia, and Yang Xu, Chapter 4, \u201cInternational Influence: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2857,"featured_media":0,"parent":2,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-84","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/84","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2857"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=84"}],"version-history":[{"count":76,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/84\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":485,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/84\/revisions\/485"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/michael-coppedge\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=84"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}