{"id":968,"date":"2022-07-06T10:43:14","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T14:43:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/?page_id=968"},"modified":"2022-07-06T10:47:59","modified_gmt":"2022-07-06T14:47:59","slug":"our-gun-myths-have-held-america-hostage-for-too-long","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/our-gun-myths-have-held-america-hostage-for-too-long\/","title":{"rendered":"Our Gun Myths Have Held America Hostage for Too Long"},"content":{"rendered":"<header class=\"css-1obp038 euiyums1\">\n<div class=\"css-1vkm6nb ehdk2mb0\">\n<h1 id=\"link-5ea62083\" class=\"css-xkf25q e1h9rw200\" data-testid=\"headline\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-rq4mmj\" style=\"font-size: 16px;font-weight: 400\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2022\/07\/01\/opinion\/01cantu-1\/01cantu-1-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"750\" \/><\/h1>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 e11si9ry5\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"sizeLarge layoutVertical css-1a1lp8y\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"media\"><figcaption class=\"css-y5g5d7 e1maroi60\"><span class=\"css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit&#8230;<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"false\">Getty Images<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-zm127l e11si9ry2\" data-testid=\"placeholder\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj e11si9ry3\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1ra7onw e11si9ry1\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-captionblock\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-sklrp3\">\n<div class=\"css-t91cuf epjyd6m1\">\n<div class=\"css-1l3nmlr epjyd6m0\">\n<p class=\"css-1tx0lhj e1jsehar1\"><span class=\"byline-prefix\">By\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"css-1baulvz last-byline\">Francisco Cant\u00fa, New York Times, July 4, 2022<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"css-8atqhb\">\n<p class=\"css-1t6vh53 e1wtpvyy0\">Mr. Cant\u00fa, a writer and a teacher, is the author of \u201cThe Line Becomes a River: Dispatches From the Border.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<section class=\"meteredContent css-1r7ky0e\">\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Like so many Americans, I have been called into relationships with guns since I was a child and have been made to understand, even long before I could articulate it, that guns represented something essential about what it means to become a fully realized American man.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">My first guns were toys, followed by a pump-action Daisy BB gun that I used to shoot down green army men in my father\u2019s garage. Then came the real guns: the .22 rifle I learned to use at summer camp in the fourth grade, the handgun my father taught me to shoot during a boyhood visit to a friend\u2019s ranch in Nevada and the Colt 1911 he let me fire years later, which had been carried by my grandfather throughout his service in World War II, Korea and Vietnam.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">As I became older, guns were given to me as a rite of passage \u2014 by my father, by my mother\u2019s boyfriend and by the United States government upon my graduation from the Border Patrol academy when I was 23.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Guns have long been an integral part of our national mythology, woven deep into our most sacred lore about the winning of our independence, about manifest destiny and territorial expansion, about the defense of democracy and the spread of our empire across the globe. At the center of this mythos is an abiding archetype \u2014 the lone man and his gun. This figure (usually white and positioned in opposition to people of color) has been represented throughout history in many familiar forms: the musket-toting militiaman with a revolutionary thirst for liberty; the cowboy chasing freedom with a six shooter across a frontier full of hostile natives; or the soldier with a rifle deployed to conquer or save a distant people inferior to his own. In each case, the gun is an essential counterpart \u2014 serving, like King Arthur\u2019s sword or Luke Skywalker\u2019s lightsaber, as the one tool that makes possible the hero\u2019s journey.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div>Our stories have been steeped in guns for so long that they have become an inevitable-seeming element of our lives, saddling us with institutions resigned to their power. As a result, American politics has become dissociated from the reality of gun violence even as that violence creeps into more and more intimate public spaces.<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Proponents of gun reform in this country are not just up against a powerful gun lobby, they are up against our most durable myth, the exceptionalist notion that a man with a gun is a force powerful enough to defend against any danger.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">For evidence of how completely this mythology has been metabolized into law, we need look no further than last week\u2019s Supreme Court\u2019s decision striking down a gun restriction implemented in New York State. In his\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/21pdf\/20-843_7j80.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">majority opinion<\/a>, Justice Clarence Thomas dismisses a history of public safety protections as burdening the right to \u201cindividual self-defense,\u201d gesturing ultimately to the \u201cenduring American tradition of permitting public carry.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">This \u201ctradition\u201d has caused guns to become integral to the identity of countless Americans, giving rise to a gun culture defined by fundamentalist zeal and sloganeering well suited for the social media age. In a world where so many people are asked to compress their personhood into succinct lines and images, it is little wonder that these often end up including guns \u2014 America\u2019s most potent symbol of masculinity, power and self-determination.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In the United States, nearly 98 percent of mass shootings are\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theviolenceproject.org\/data-on-social-media\/gender-of-perpetrator-from-1966-2021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">committed by men<\/a>, and increasingly,\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/06\/02\/us\/politics\/mass-shootings-young-men-guns.html\">these assailants are younger<\/a>, often acquiring their arms as a coming-of-age ritual. The assault rifle used to murder 21 people at Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, in May was purchased by the shooter in celebration of his 18th birthday; the gun used in last year\u2019s shooting at Michigan\u2019s Oxford High School\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.insider.com\/oxford-school-shooting-gun-apparent-christmas-gift-prosecutor-says-2021-12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">was a Christmas present<\/a>\u00a0given to the 15-year-old shooter by his parents; and the 20-year-old perpetrator of the 2012 shooting in Newtown, Conn. reportedly grew up with a mother who<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.courant.com\/news\/connecticut\/newtown-sandy-hook-school-shooting\/hc-raising-adam-lanza-20130217-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00a0often turned to guns as a way to bond\u00a0<\/a>with her difficult-to-reach son before he eventually murdered her at their home before slaughtering 20 young children and six educators at Sandy Hook Elementary.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">I do not believe that violent stories, films and video games, popular all around the world, are the cause of America\u2019s singular problem with gun violence \u2014 but they do help explain our relationship to it. Violence, after all, is shaped by what we see and understand as possible. But violence can also only be manifested with the tools that are available to us \u2014 and research shows that ours is a country where civilian-owned\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2022-05-25\/how-many-guns-in-the-us-buying-spree-bolsters-lead-as-most-armed-country\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">guns outnumber people<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Our national mythology has also clearly hampered our capacity to respond to gun violence \u2014 a favorite\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/12\/21\/167824766\/nra-only-thing-that-stops-a-bad-guy-with-a-gun-is-a-good-guy-with-a-gun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">line<\/a>\u00a0of the N.R.A. is that \u201cthe only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun.\u201d This delusion,\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/6182970\/good-guys-guns-mass-shootings-uvalde\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">disproved<\/a>\u00a0in Uvalde and countless times before, flows directly from Hollywood fantasy and underlies arguments about arming teachers, expanding open-carry laws and ushering armed law enforcement into more and more public spaces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 e11si9ry5\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"img-sz-large css-1ef8w8q e1g7ppur0\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"media\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\">\n<div class=\"css-zm41gc\" data-testid=\"lazy-image\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1m50asq\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2022\/07\/01\/opinion\/01cantu2\/01cantu2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" alt=\"A boy aiming a toy gun in Gettysburg, Penn., on the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"css-vwjwk3 ewdxa0s0\"><span class=\"css-jevhma e13ogyst0\" aria-hidden=\"true\">A boy aiming a toy gun in Gettysburg, Penn., on the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg.<\/span><span class=\"css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit&#8230;<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"false\">John Moore\/Getty Images<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1hk8ti6 e11si9ry2\" data-testid=\"placeholder\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj e11si9ry3\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1ist0io e11si9ry4\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">The mythos of individual heroics is one that helped determine the course of my life. In the na\u00efve and hopeful days after I first graduated from university, for example, I was drawn to join the U.S. Border Patrol by imagining that I could act as a force for compassion within the agency \u2014 a \u201cgood guy with a gun.\u201d Obsessed with the border throughout my studies, I had come to understand the flaws in enforcement while also being subtly taught to accept its cruel realities as somehow inevitable \u2014 but my American upbringing also instilled in me the belief that I might be the one capable of finding ways to change them.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Instead, what I found was a place that absorbed individual ambitions into an institutional culture too often awash with cruelty and impunity, where acts of violence and dehumanization both big and small were normalized to the point of banality, carried out by agents who were often gleefully living out unburied boyhood fantasies of cowboy lawmen chasing criminals across a strange and foreboding frontier.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Growing up in West Texas and Arizona, I spent much of my childhood in the grip of fantasies like these. Some of my earliest heroes were<em class=\"css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0\">\u00a0<\/em>Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, and I would later watch and rewatch Westerns like \u201cTombstone\u201d<em class=\"css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0\">\u00a0<\/em>and \u201cWyatt Earp,\u201d eagerly anticipating their climactic gunfights. Eventually, I developed a taste for the revisionist fare that sought to deromanticize old narratives of \u201cgood versus evil\u201d by unflinchingly depicting long-sanitized frontier violence. But these films often ended up reveling in their bloodshed, and as Westerns became increasingly morally complex, their antihero archetypes were absorbed into countless other genres, influencing characters as diverse as Walter White, Batman and the Mandalorian.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Today, I recognize how fictional depictions of America\u2019s \u201cWild West\u201d have helped solidify real-world attitudes of hardening masculinity in the face of evermore soul-numbing violence. Cormac McCarthy\u2019s novel \u201cBlood Meridian<em class=\"css-2fg4z9 e1gzwzxm0\">,\u201d\u00a0<\/em>for example, follows a band of scalp hunters as they unleash racialized terror across the borderlands. Its male protagonists, unconcerned with the trauma of bloodshed, come to represent the casual, totemic power of violence in America \u2014 a force so powerful that it produces its own gravitational pull, becoming an unavoidable black hole at the center of our history.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">It could be said that American society has long responded to violence with Western-tinged hardness, moving through perpetual cycles of shock, resignation and calcification. But for so long, the reality of bloodshed has also been dampened by the idea that it is something taking place in the distance, at the fringes of our civilization.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"css-79elbk\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"css-1a48zt4 e11si9ry5\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children\">\n<figure class=\"img-sz-large css-1viisko e1g7ppur0\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"media\">\n<div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\">\n<div class=\"css-zm41gc\" data-testid=\"lazy-image\">\n<div data-testid=\"lazyimage-container\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"css-1m50asq\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2022\/07\/01\/opinion\/01cantu3\/01cantu3-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" alt=\"Kurt Russell as Wyatt Earp in \u201cTombstone.\u201d\" \/><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"css-vwjwk3 ewdxa0s0\"><span class=\"css-jevhma e13ogyst0\" aria-hidden=\"true\">Kurt Russell as Wyatt Earp in \u201cTombstone.\u201d<\/span><span class=\"css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit&#8230;<\/span><span aria-hidden=\"false\">John Bramley\/Buena Vista Pictures, via Everett Collection<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-1tiojqf e11si9ry2\" data-testid=\"placeholder\">\n<div class=\"css-tux0zj e11si9ry3\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-overlay\">\n<div class=\"css-1hv20hh e11si9ry4\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In \u201cThe End of the Myth,\u201d the historian Greg Grandin argues that the presence of a frontier \u201callowed the United States to avoid a true reckoning with its social problems, such as economic inequality, racism, crime and punishment, and violence.\u201d Even as America closed in upon its territorial edges at the end of the 1800s, he writes, our leaders continued to gesture toward new frontiers where the figure of the lone American could be thrust outward to defeat new enemies \u2014 across the ocean, into outer space or through clouds of terror oriented around a globalized axis of evil.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">As our country slouches deeper into the 21st century, Mr. Grandin posits that we are being made to reckon with a sputtering mythology that has finally run out of ways to divert the rage, resentment and extremism once allowed to fester at our country\u2019s ever-expanding edges. In this respect, our myths have effectively been turned in upon themselves.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In recent decades the figure of the lone gunman has proceeded to bring the once remote-seeming specter of public violence into more familiar public places \u2014 schools, churches, grocery stores, hospitals \u2014 refiguring it into something that has become impossible to dismiss into the distance.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">That, in turn, has led to the increasing militarization of our day-to-day lives under the guise of police-enforced safety. America is not unique in its attempt to maintain a state monopoly on violence, but in a country where most adults can legally acquire an arsenal of weapons with destructive power unimaginable to our founding fathers, law enforcement has found pretext to engage in eternal escalation, acquiring more sophisticated means for waging war even within our most sacred spaces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">It is not hard to imagine a path toward diminishing the presence of firearms in our society: Other countries, unburdened by our gun-soaked mythology, have responded to outbursts of mass violence with striking agility. In New Zealand, after a white supremacist gunned down 51 mosquegoers in Christchurch in 2019, the country\u2019s prime minister promised to reform gun laws the very next day. A month later, Parliament\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/03\/15\/703718075\/one-of-new-zealand-s-darkest-days-shooting-at-mosques-kills-at-least-49\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">voted<\/a>\u00a0119 to 1 to ban assault weapons, and by year\u2019s end, the country had\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/12\/21\/790466492\/new-zealanders-hand-in-more-than-50-000-weapons-as-the-countrys-buyback-program-\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bought back<\/a>\u00a0more than 56,000 firearms,\u00a0<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/09\/13\/760460922\/new-zealand-moves-to-create-firearm-registry-and-stiffen-penalties-for-gun-crime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">created<\/a>\u00a0a national firearms registry, penalized illegal modifications and gun sales, and instituted a new mental health warning system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\">\n<div class=\"css-53u6y8\">\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In the wake of other mass shootings, Australia, Britain, Canada, Germany, Norway and other countries have acted decisively to restrict the reach of military-style firearms, dramatically stemming gun violence and transforming mass shootings into rare events. By contrast, the bipartisan gun bill signed into law by President Biden last month falls dismally short, serving ultimately as the impotent whimper of a filibuster-bogged legislative system.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In America, we are raised to believe ourselves capable of reinvention, of boldly venturing forth into new terrain. But all too often, our attempts to update and revise our most toxic mythology have ended up perpetuating some aspect of it all the same, almost as if abandoning its familiar narratives altogether might threaten our very sense of who we are.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">When I finally quit the Border Patrol after three and a half years, I occasionally dreamed that I was back in uniform and that my old service weapon, a .40-caliber HK P2000, was somewhere just out of reach, rendering me unable to meet an obscure threat looming in the distance. Those dreams continued for years and were like phantom limb pains, evidence that my consciousness was struggling to let go of old stories.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">In recent weeks, America has reached new depths in its long doom spiral of gun worship. The urgency of disentangling guns from our sense of individual and national identity has never been more clear. We can safely keep our exceptionalist myths, our cowboy archetypes, our notions of gun-toting good guys holding evil at bay, only as long as we also recognize them as nostalgic delusions at odds with the reality of what it means to live in community with others.<\/p>\n<p class=\"css-798hid etfikam0\">Francisco Cant\u00fa, a writer and a teacher, is the author of \u201c<a class=\"css-yywogo\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.penguinrandomhouse.com\/books\/555764\/the-line-becomes-a-river-by-francisco-cantu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Line Becomes a River<\/a>: Dispatches From the Border.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Credit&#8230;Getty Images By\u00a0Francisco Cant\u00fa, New York Times, July 4, 2022 Mr. Cant\u00fa, a writer and a teacher, is the author of \u201cThe Line Becomes a River: Dispatches From the Border.\u201d Like so many Americans, I have been called into relationships with guns since I was a child and have been made to understand, even long &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/our-gun-myths-have-held-america-hostage-for-too-long\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;Our Gun Myths Have Held America Hostage for Too Long&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-968","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=968"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/968\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":972,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/968\/revisions\/972"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-2021\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}