{"id":26,"date":"2020-06-10T18:08:17","date_gmt":"2020-06-10T22:08:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/?page_id=26"},"modified":"2021-09-19T17:59:04","modified_gmt":"2021-09-19T21:59:04","slug":"liberal-democracy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/liberal-democracy\/","title":{"rendered":"Liberal Democracy"},"content":{"rendered":"
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PART II<\/strong><\/p>\n

Now, we get concrete!<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

We are lucky. We (still) enjoy the blessings of living in a Liberal Democratic Nation-State<\/strong>.\u00a0 But how did we get here?\u00a0 And what is at stake in maintaining our good fortune?<\/p>\n

I devote this section of our course to the making<\/em>\u00a0of the\u00a0Liberal Democratic Nation-State<\/em><\/strong>. \u00a0I use the word\u00a0making<\/em> quite deliberately.\u00a0 Everything has a history, including even you and me.\u00a0 To understand anything, we must begin with its roots (or, to go further back, its cosmic and\/or divine origins, atomic features, chemistry, etc.). The roots of Liberal democracy<\/strong> and the invention of viable institutions to put this idea into practice didn\u2019t come from nowhere.\u00a0 Like you, they have concrete origins and compelling histories.<\/p>\n

I shall argue that there was nothing inevitable about the rise of liberal politics, values, institutions, and ideas in the western world.\u00a0 Alas, as we are learning today. there is also nothing inevitable about liberal-democracy\u2019s survival.<\/p>\n

Once we have worked our way through this historical background, I will provide you with some clues for understanding the crisis of liberal democratic politics in the US and Europe today.<\/p>\n

While I proceed through the coming lectures, consider what Warren Buffett has to say about the \u201cOvarian Factor\u201d:\u00a0 READ<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0What does this article have to do with my arguments? Does it apply equally to all Americans?\u00a0 By the way, did you know that federal funding for prostate cancer research [per years of life lost] is nearly 12 times greater than funding for research on ovarian cancer? See here<\/a>. How would Buffett explain the disparity?<\/p>\n

A preview of a coming attraction<\/em>.\u00a0 In a few weeks, we will discuss a provocative film called “13th.” HERE<\/a>\u00a0 See positive and negative reviews below.\u00a0 Netflix is currently show “13th” for free on YouTube.\u00a0 Since most good things in life aren’t free, least of all when they are offered by Netflix, I recommend that you watch the film sooner rather than later.<\/p>\n

5.\u00a0 Lecture, Wednesday, August 19
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Reflections on the development of a social, political, and economic culture that was conducive to the rise of\u00a0Liberalism.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Today\u2019s Assumption<\/em>:\u00a0 Major events in Europe between the fifth and nineteenth centuries\u2013the fall of the Roman empire, the birth of feudalism, and the Industrial Revolution\u2013eventually made the institution of\u00a0Modern Liberalism<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0possible, although definitely not inevitable.<\/p>\n

Assignment<\/em>: \u00a0Print and read the following chapter (Chapter 5) by Max Weber, one of the most influential, early social scientists and a pioneer of the theory of \u201cunintended consequences.\u201d \u00a0As you reflect upon the essay by the\u00a0Catholic<\/em>\u00a0priest, Martin Luther\u2013Luther was\u00a0definitely\u00a0not<\/em> a Protestant!\u2013keep Weber’s theory of political and social change in mind. We can never understand our culture, or ourselves as individuals, without recognizing that those of us who grew up in North America were all raised as \u201cProtestants.\u201d Yes, this is true even of those Americans who self-identify as Catholics, and for that matter, even as atheists.\u00a0 To make sense of this statement, the key point is to understand what I mean by \u201cProtestant.\u201d<\/p>\n

Max Weber,\u00a0The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism<\/em>,\u00a0only chapter 5: \u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Martin Luther, \u201cThe Freedom of a Christian\u201d\u00a0READ<\/a>\u00a0 This is a long essay by an angry<\/span> Catholic priest. Don\u2019t worry about the details of Luther\u2019s argument (there\u2019s too much you won\u2019t know).\u00a0 Just seek to get a general sense for the content and tone of his argument.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Also reflect upon the dirty secret below about the source of fundamental political change:<\/p>\n

Benjamin Ginsberg, \u201cWhy Violence Works.\u201d\u00a0 PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

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6. DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0 Friday, August 21\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Discussion theme<\/em>:\u00a0 What would John Stuart Mill do?<\/p>\n

You have undoubtedly been following the controversies over controlling social media content, especially Twitter’s recent flagging of Donald Trump’s tweets.\u00a0 Should media providers have the right to control the content on their sites.\u00a0 If so, how far should they be allowed to go if we want to preserve liberal democracy?\u00a0 Or, conversely, does the survival of liberal democracy require them to take extreme steps?<\/p>\n

Here are some short articles about the “tweet” controversy:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

“Twitter hides Trump’s tweet for violating its rules about ‘glorifying violence.'”\u00a0 PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

“While Twitter Confronts Trump, Zuckerberg keeps Facebook out of it”\u00a0 PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Mark Zuckerberg, Jack Dorsey, and the fight for social media’s soul” PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Paragraph Assignment<\/em>:<\/p>\n

On the issue of controlling social media content, who is right: Jack Dorsey or Mark Zuckerberg?<\/p>\n

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7. LECTURE:\u00a0 Monday, August 24<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reflections on a meteoric development that shaped the character of\u00a0Liberalism<\/strong>\u00a0as we know it today: \u00a0the opening of the boundaries of the political realm to the participation of ever broader sectors of society<\/em>. \u00a0This development took place in different ways and in different countries. \u00a0It is still taking place around the world today, even in the United States.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Today\u2019s Assumption<\/em>: The tumultuous intrusion of the \u201cunwashed and unwanted\u201d into the\u00a0Liberal<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0arena was unanticipated and, paradoxically, not welcomed by those whose decisions made it possible. Yet only they could have made this development possible. \u00a0How do we account for this unforeseen and unforeseeable transformation? Since people in power do not intentionally make decisions that will undermine their interests, I shall argue that a hostile idea, such as\u00a0Liberalism<\/strong><\/em>, could only have arisen as the\u00a0unintended consequences<\/em>\u00a0of the decisions of power holders.<\/p>\n

For one interpretation of the theory of unintended consequences, watch this instructive video: HERE<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cIn a democracy it\u2019s your vote that counts. In feudalism, it\u2019s your count that votes!\u201d (McAdams)<\/p>\n

Readings:<\/em>\u00a0 .<\/p>\n

Roger Kingdon,\u00a0America\u00a0<\/em>the Unusual<\/em>, Chapter 4 PRINT AND READ IV<\/a><\/p>\n

The American \u201cDeclaration of Independence\u201d\u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

The French National Assembly, \u201cDeclaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen\u201d\u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

The ideas behind the American Revolution and the French Revolution were different in important ways, although each resulted in liberal democratic institutions. How are these differences reflected in the two founding declarations above?<\/p>\n

The birth of a nation-state:\u00a0WATCH<\/em>\u00a0\u201cItaly\u201d become Italy<\/p>\n

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8. LECTURE:\u00a0 Wednesday, August 26<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Reflections on the evolution of\u00a0Political Parties<\/strong>\u00a0in the West: Cadre parties, Mass parties, and Catch-all parties<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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Today\u2019s Assumption<\/em>:\u00a0\u00a0Political Parties\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>have been major instruments for including disparate groups of people in the\u00a0modern nation-state, both in\u00a0Liberal<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0societies and, as we shall see later, other types of societies.\u00a0 Today, the catch-all party is the predominant type of party in the\u00a0Liberal<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0world, but it is increasingly under threat.<\/p>\n

Assignment<\/em>:\u00a0 Reflect upon the role of catch-all parties in our era of intense polarization.\u00a0 If election to office is dependent on the financial contributions of special interests and the manipulation of voting districts and access to the voting booth, what is the reward for politicians to engage in compromise?\u00a0These questions are directly related to the flagging fortunes of catch-all parties. If the idea of the catch-all party should fail, what type of party will replace it? Or without such parties, will liberal democracy simply fade away?<\/p>\n

Roger Kingdon, \u00a0America\u00a0<\/em>the Unusual<\/em>, chapter 2 PRINT AND READ II<\/a><\/p>\n

Michael Kazen, \u201cHow can Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders both be \u2018populist\u2019?\u201d \u00a0READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Cas Mudde and Cristobal Kaltwasser,\u00a0Populism<\/em>, Chapters 1 and 5<\/p>\n

Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, \u201cThis is how democracies fail,\u201d\u00a0New York Times<\/em>, January 19, 2018\u00a0\u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

What impact will COVID have on populism? Could populist movements become more extreme?<\/p>\n

John Lichfield, “The next epidemic:\u00a0 Resurgent Populism,” April 6, 2020, POLITICO<\/em>:\u00a0 READ<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

9. DISCUSSION SECTION: \u00a0Friday, August 28<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Discussion themes:<\/em>\u00a0 Your discussion today will be focus on the following theme:\u00a0 \u201c<\/em>America\u2019s culture of radical individualism means that we are all Protestants?\u201d\u00a0 You should keep the following questions in mind:\u00a0 1) If McAdams is right (and not crazy), what does he mean by calling American Catholics \u201cProtestants\u201d?; 2)\u00a0 Is the culture of radical individualism that grew out of Protestantism and is epitomized by archetypical American heroes, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger (see Pumping Iron<\/a>) and Eminem (see\u00a0Eight Mile<\/a>), a positive thing?\u00a0 What about Buffett’s “Ovarian Lottery<\/a>“?\u00a0 Most prominently, how might Weber’s theory and McAdams’ claims help to account for our country’s disastrously poor response to the Coronavirus?<\/p>\n

For comparative data on our performance, see HERE<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0Choose a measure, such as cases\/deaths per million, that allows for the best comparisons.<\/p>\n

Assig<\/em>nment<\/em>:\u00a0 Does Notre Dame’s response to the Corona virus represent a meaningful alternative to the unintended product of Protestantism that Weber calls the \u2018iron cage?\u201d\u00a0 Write one succinct, tightly argued paragraph in response to this question.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

10. LECTURE:\u00a0 Monday, August 31<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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Today, I will lecture about one of the two most important challenges to liberal democracy in the twentieth century: Fascism.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em> The other major challenger was Leninism<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

On the subject of\u00a0Fascism<\/strong><\/em>, read both Benito Mussolini\u2019s prognostications on a modern alternative to\u00a0liberal democracy<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>as well as the testimonies of a few of the millions of people who fell in love with this alternative. Then, reflect upon the significance of the recent popularity of hard-core Right-wing movements in Europe and the US. Could Fascism<\/strong><\/em> be lurking in our future?<\/p>\n

Major Reading<\/em>: Benito Mussolini, \u201cThe Doctrine of Fascism\u201d \u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a>\u00a0 Don\u2019t worry about all the details, just concentrate on distilling the major features of his argument. Also, ask yourself why his vision might be appealing. Indeed, even today.<\/p>\n

Steinhoff, Pechel, and Showalter,\u00a0Voices from the Third Reich\u00a0<\/em>(PDF FILE<\/a>)<\/p>\n

Question<\/em>: Is there good or bad news looming on the contemporary horizon?<\/p>\n

Dan Holleran, \u201cThe Opportunistic Rise of Europe\u2019s Far Right,\u201d\u00a0The New Republic<\/em>, February 16, 2018\u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Here’s a debate about the potential for a resurgence of fascism:<\/p>\n

Timothy Snyder is worried (Guardian<\/em>, October 30, 2018)\u00a0\u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Thomas Meaney is not as worried (New Statesman<\/em>, September 12, 2018)\u00a0\u00a0PRINT AND READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Who is right? Snyder or Meaney?<\/p>\n

11.\u00a0 LECTURE: Wednesday, September 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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The advent of Fascism<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century was a searing challenge to the values and institutions of\u00a0Liberalism<\/strong><\/em>.\u00a0 Liberalism<\/strong><\/em>‘s victorious response to\u00a0Fascism\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>was the\u00a0Welfare State<\/strong><\/em>.\u00a0 Today, all\u00a0Libera<\/strong>l<\/strong> Democratic<\/strong><\/em> states are Welfare\u00a0<\/em>States<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0in one respect or another.<\/p>\n

Keep this in mind<\/em>:\u00a0 Because we live in a liberal-democratic polity, we naturally assume that the\u00a0Liberal\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>idea will be instantly appealing to all people.\u00a0 Yet,\u00a0Liberalism<\/em><\/strong>‘s victory over Fascism<\/strong><\/em> more than a half-century ago was far from certain.\u00a0 The good news is that Liberal Democracy<\/strong><\/em> won.\u00a0 Yet its triumph was facilitated by the convenient conjunction of two factors:\u00a0 the Allied powers\u2019 (sometimes slight) military advantage and, as I shall suggest today the West\u2019s acceptance of the idea of the Liberal Welfare State<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n

During and Barak Obama’s presidency, critics have frequently equated support for the policies of the Liberal Welfare State<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0with\u00a0Socialism.\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Indeed, thanks to the rise of politicians like Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, the current US President routinely warns about the threat of Radical socialism. <\/em><\/strong>However, the assumption that\u00a0socialism<\/em><\/strong> is the same everywhere is historically inaccurate.\u00a0 Fascism<\/strong><\/em> was a socialist<\/strong><\/em> system of government. So was another political identity that we will consider in a couple weeks, Leninism<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0 Whatever one thinks of their policies, Sanders and AOC have little in common with Leninism.\u00a0 They call themselves \u201cdemocratic socialists,\u201d a kind of strong-state liberalism that is virtually identical to the policies of Social Democratic parties in Europe.<\/p>\n

Assignments<\/em>:<\/p>\n

On the subject of the\u00a0Welfare State<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0read:<\/p>\n

Kingdon:\u00a0America\u00a0<\/em>the Unusual<\/em>, Chapter 1 PRINT AND READ I<\/a> and Chapter 3 PRINT AND READ III<\/a><\/p>\n

Pew Foundation: \u00a0\u201cFive Ways in Which Americans and Europeans are Different\u201d\u00a0READ<\/a><\/p>\n

Comparing Welfare States\u00a0\u00a0SKIM<\/a>\u00a0 This page will give you a sense for the diverse types of liberal welfare states.<\/p>\n

What might path dependency have to do with it? Comparative policies on public funding for maternity leave and child care and early childhood education:\u00a0READ<\/a><\/p>\n

And, \u201cGoing Dutch\u201d\u00a0READ AND TAKE NOTES<\/a>.\u00a0 One person’s account of the Welfare State in action!\u00a0 I have spent a good amount of my life living in Germany, and I have consistently been amazed at the benefits of a social-democratic welfare state.<\/p>\n

12. DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0 Friday, September 4<\/strong><\/p>\n

Discussion Topic: Are liberal democratic institutions in the United States and Europe strong enough to survive the rise of populist extremism?<\/em><\/p>\n

For today\u2019s section, read articles below.<\/p>\n

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Cas Mudde and Cristobal Kaltwasser,\u00a0Populism<\/em>, chapters 3 and 4.<\/p>\n

David Brooks, \u201cHow Democracies Perish,\u201d\u00a0\u00a0New York Times<\/em>, January 11, 2018\u00a0READ<\/a>.\u00a0 Based on this reading, who is right, Brooks or Deneen (Notre Dame)?<\/p>\n

Peter Wehner, “The Democratic Party is Radicalizing,”\u00a0The Atlantic<\/em>\u00a0 (a critical assessment of populist trends in the Democratic Party) READ<\/a><\/p>\n

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Neo-Nazis in Charlottesville<\/figcaption><\/figure>
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Paragraph topic<\/em>: \u201cWill populism eventually lead to the demise of liberal democracy?\u201d\u00a0 If yes, why? If no, why not?\u00a0 You may only take one\u00a0 side.<\/p>\n

I have two goals in making this assignment:<\/p>\n

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    1. The first goal is to get you to think about the meaning of \u201cpopulism\u201d and \u201cliberal democracy.\u201d<\/li>\n
    2. The second is to challenge you to write to a great<\/em> introductory paragraph. Unlike the paragraphs that you have written up to this point, please write an introductory paragraph for a hypothetical paper.\u00a0 Introductory paragraphs should typically do the following things: 1) state the issue; 2) make an argument and identify a counterargument; 3) provide the reader with a sense of how you will proceed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Your first REFLECTIVE ESSAY ASSIGNMENT is HERE<\/strong><\/p>\n

      13. REQUIRED FILM:\u00a0 “13th”<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Please watch this film before Monday’s lecture.\u00a0 At the moment, Netflix is showing it for free on YouTube.\u00a0 HERE<\/a><\/p>\n

      Some critics like “13th” a lot.\u00a0 See ‘Thumbs Up’ HERE<\/a><\/p>\n

      Others don’t like it at all.\u00a0 See ‘Thumbs Down’ HERE <\/a><\/p>\n

      Please feel free to come to your own conclusions about the film. My goal in asking you to watch the film is to provoke you to think and talk about America’s problem with race.<\/p>\n

      14. <\/strong>LECTURE:\u00a0 Monday, September 7<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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      Reflections on the inherently contradictory and conflict-ridden characteristics of\u00a0Liberalism<\/strong>.<\/em><\/p>\n

      Today\u2019s Assumption<\/em>:\u00a0Liberalism<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 can\u2019t live up to its name\u00a0unless it has certain\u00a0essential<\/em>\u00a0features. I have already outlined four characteristics. \u00a0Yet by nature,\u00a0Liberalism<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 is unstable.\"\"\u00a0The\u00a0Liberal-democratic<\/strong><\/em> character of our government today is not necessarily the same as it will be tomorrow; it is certainly not the same as it was yesterday (especially in the current political climate!).\u00a0 Still, this capacity for change can be a very good thing.\u00a0 Indeed, if such Liberal-democratic<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0bastions as Iceland, Monaco, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, Andorra, and the U.S. didn\u2019t change over time, they wouldn\u2019t be\u00a0Liberal<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0 at all.<\/p>\n

      Liberal democracy<\/strong>\u00a0is not only inherently conflictual. Regrettably, the features that make this political identity great can also be the source of its unraveling. \u00a0In certain circumstances, good causes can be transformed into ugly sources of unrest and instability.\u00a0 We can see this in the U.S. and Europe today.<\/p>\n

      Reading assignments\u00a0<\/em>(most of them are short):<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      America is one darn complicated country<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Suzy Hansen, \u201cUnlearning the Myth of American Innocence\u201d\u00a0\u00a0READ<\/a><\/p>\n

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      The Good\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Kingdon,\u00a0\u00a0America\u00a0<\/em>the Unusual<\/em>, ch. 5 PRINT AND READ V<\/a><\/p>\n

      Chris \u00a0McGreal, \u201cThe S-word: How Young Americans Fell in Love with Socialism\u201d\u00a0READ<\/a><\/p>\n

      What does Notre Dame have to do with it? \u00a0Read about Notre Dame students battling the Ku Klux Klan: \u00a0READ<\/a><\/p>\n

      \u2026the Bad, and the Ugly<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Richard Fausset, \u201cA Voice of Hate in America\u201d:\u00a0READ<\/a>\u00a0 This article was widely criticized after its publication for humanizing fascism and extremism.\u00a0 Do you think this is a fair criticism?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      There are Leftist extremists, too<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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      See Peter Beinart, \u201cThe Rise of the Violent Left,\u00a0The Atlantic,\u00a0<\/em>READ<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      Anonymous \u2013 Message to Charlottesville #OpDomesticTerrorism\u00a0WATCH<\/a><\/p>\n

      Consider this<\/em>:\u00a0\u00a0Under what circumstances would you\u00a0resort to\u00a0violence<\/em>\u00a0to protect\u00a0Liberal Democracy?\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>Or do you think the preservation of\u00a0Liberal Democracy<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0isn\u2019t worth the risk of violence?\u00a0 If so, why?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      15. OPEN CLASS DISCUSSION:\u00a0 Wednesday, September 9<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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      I have undoubtedly made some controversial observations up to now (I hope so). Today, Seaver and Bryce will leap into the leap into these controversies by leading a discussion about the film, “13th,” and its message about liberal democracy in practice.<\/p>\n

      Kneeling at Our Lady\u2019s University: READ<\/a><\/p>\n

      16. NO DISCUSSION SECTION:\u00a0 Friday, September 11<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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      Your\u00a0Reflective Essay<\/strong>\u00a0will be due on this date.\u00a0 There will be no discussion section since you have been writing your essay.<\/p>\n

      It is your responsibility to make sure that your TA receives your essay on time. He will clarify when and how you are to turn it in. Your essay should have a title and be double-spaced. \u00a0See above for all of the other specifications. \u00a0Be sure to put your name on your essay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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      <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      PART II Now, we get concrete! We are lucky. We (still) enjoy the blessings of living in a Liberal Democratic Nation-State.\u00a0 But how did we get here?\u00a0 And what is at stake in maintaining our good fortune? I devote this section of our course to the making\u00a0of the\u00a0Liberal Democratic Nation-State. \u00a0I use the word\u00a0making quite … Continue reading “Liberal Democracy”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-26","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":868,"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26\/revisions\/868"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.nd.edu\/world-politics-fall-2020\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}