Author: Nazli Turan

Science and Pseudo-science

How does falsificationism differ from logical empiricism’s criterion of demarcation?

  • The logical empiricism’s criterion of demarcation found its bases on verifiability or deducibility from observation statements.  All those observations should be inferred by natural science and the verified knowledge coincide with the meaningfulness. Popper’s falsification does not deal with meaning. The problem of meaning was a verbal problem, according to him. He was intended to draw a line between the scientific statements and pseudo-scientific/metaphysics characters. Also, relying just on observations encloses science in a narrow area, such that today’s quantum physics cannot find a place for itself, although astrology can be interpreted as science due to its observational basis, which is not even wrong.

– According to Laudan, which were the consequences of assuming a fallibilistic perspective in epistemology for the demarcation criterion?

  • The problem is starting here with the differentiation of knowledge from opinion. Aristotle described the demarcation criterion based on the idea of infallible science and fallible opinion. This view suggested that scientific knowledge should be derived from ‘first causes/principles’, which I don’t have any clue for which first principle is. (I have tendency to accept Carnap’s explanation on how the word ‘principle’ is meaningless without a context.) However, by the work of Galileo and Newton, they had limited or no knowledge of the causes of their observation, although they can put a valid set of theories, such as gravitational force. Laudan is asserting we can even put Newton in a non-scientific category because his claims are not fallible but lack of causes. However, I think it is a scaling problem (to apply a theory of macro to nano) and we don’t know, even today, the causes of gravitation, which is thought to be carried by a quantum particle, graviton -never observed-. The searching of first cause sounds much more metaphysics, to be honest. What first cause? God? Aliens? A force?

Science and Philosophy

Haha! You will hear my humble opinions on a variety of topics on philosophy and science. I will put my assignments here to track myself!

– What does it mean, according to Carnap, that philosophy should just be logic of science?

  • Carnap builds his point of view onto the intersection of logic and empiricism, primarily affected by Ernst Mach. He tries to define a system of logical language constructed with internal and external questions. With the rules of this language, metaphysics can be expelled from the realms of science. The metaphysical statements do not contain empirical criterion, deducibility, truth-conditions, and method of verification. Once we identify those statements and words, we can remove meaningless words and pseudo-statements and clarify the scientific concepts. What remains for philosophy is science through the method of logical analysis.

– Describe one example in Laplane et al’s article that shows how philosophy can have a productive impact on science

  • As a half-way scientist, I disagree with most of the conceptual examples introduced in the paper (ie. formulation of a novel theoretical framework, which should be a core part of science, in a sense that asking hypothetical questions, forming research statement/hypothesis etc.). However, I also found that the most intriguing and driving discussions on human cognition can be oriented by philosophy! Artificial intelligence (AI) is simply our future, believe it or not. Yet, the concepts of mind, intelligence, consciousness, and emotion are equally vague in terms of a computer-generated body of code with thousands of lines. I have an insight that if we can define ‘what human is’, we will make a huge step in AI. That’s why, we need philosophy right now! Immediately!

– Describe one instance of negative contribution of positivism to science according to Weinberg

  • Unfortunately, Kaufmann did not believe what he deduced from measurements (electric charge/mass) without ‘observing’ physically. However, it was an electron, which is still not observed alone since it is a quantum particle following Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. But, if we observe particles, expelled from a cathode ray with a certain velocity, are deflecting in magnetic field with the same radius, we can obtain a ratio (charge/mass) which points out a new particle: electron. Kaufmann hesitated to report this new particle due to his positivist views and maybe the common positivist atmosphere in scientific world of his time, and he missed the Nobel prize… This might seem as an individual failure, but also shows the adverse effect of being a conservative ‘believer’ of any idea/approach.

Plasma meets with Kapton surface

Dielectric barrier discharges are a type of AC plasmas aiming to limit current in time to prevent spark formation. The dielectric layer holds charges, instead of letting them flow as in conductive materials. The constant exposure to plasma species causes wear/deformation on the surface. Here I show an example of Kapton layer.

 

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Seminar notes: Bubble Puzzles

Here is a summary of an interesting talk on bubbles!

Prof. Lohse has given us an interesting talk ranging from shrimp to Lawrence of Arabia. The main topic was the bubble formation on fluids and solids. First, he started with a well-known example of bubbles in a glass of water. He examined the jet formation while bubbles are collapsing. Then, he showed a video of a snapping shrimp who kills its prey by a water jet as formed after bubbles. We also saw that a huge ship can be crashed by ultrasonic sound waves travelling in the ocean. This process is similar to bubble and then, jet formations. At the end, he talked about the similar phenomenon at desert sand and he concluded with a scene form Lawrence of Arabia. With this fascinating talk, we learned how the fundamental understanding of the bubble formation can lead to improvements in different areas.

 

Info for the speaker:wiki

The impact of transition metal catalysts on macroscopic dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) characteristics in an ammonia synthesis plasma catalysis reactor

When non-equilibrium, low-temperature plasmas and catalysts interact, they can exhibit
synergistic behavior that enhances the chemical activity above what is possible with either process alone. Unlike thermal catalysis, in plasma-assisted catalysis the non-equilibrium state of the plasma produces reactive intermediates, such as excited species, that may play an important role in the catalytic process. There are two primary plasma-surface mechanisms that could produce this synergy: the effect of the plasma on the catalyst (e.g., enhanced adsorption / reaction of plasma activated species, change of surface structure / morphology, hot spots, etc.) and the effect of the catalyst on the plasma state. This work focuses on the latter. We use a laboratory-scale, packed bed, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor to observe the influence of multiple alumina (Al2O3) supported, transition metal ammonia (NH3) synthesis catalysts on the plasma electrical and optical properties. We find that while the rates of ammonia synthesis over the materials considered, including Fe/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3, and Co/Al2O3, are different, the macroscopic properties of the DBD are statistically indistinguishable. These results support the argument that the observed synergy in our catalysis experiments is not due to the catalyst modifying the characteristics of the plasma itself, but rather arises from differences in how the plasma environment and plasma-generated species modify chemistry at the catalyst surface, although the specific mechanism is still an outstanding question.

You can reach the paper via this link: Journal of Physics D: Applied PhysicsVolume 52Number 22

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Balancing climate change with gender equality

Do we really care about both climate change and gender equality? If yes, please continue! If no, abort mission! World Resources Institute (WRI) has released comprehensive studies since 2016 showing that women’s access to decision-making process, low-carbon industry, infrastructure and transportation can boost energy efficiency, investments in renewable power, and reduction in carbon emissions.

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Seminar notes: Is Hydrodynamics Relevant to the Origin of Life?

We are attending at least 8 seminars for every semester. Here is a short summary of the most interesting one!

This was an interesting talk mostly focused on the bubbles formed in ocean and relating those
with the origin of life. The speaker mentioned the mechanical forces created by waves in
ocean and pointed out that his group is solving a kind of hydrodynamics problem in a tube.
This tube can be any organic material can be found in ocean. They chose DNA nanotubes
because these are easy to obtain in lab. Then, they studied hydrodynamic shear on bursting
bubbles after breaking of the waves. His group measured and calculated shear and flow rate
inside DNA nanotubes in bubble foams and they found due to the high flow rates inside these
tubes, elongation of the tubes can cause fragmentation which can drive the production of new
molecules.

Speaker: Rizal Hariadi