Conozca a un Investigador Visitante en Special Collections: Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli

[ An English translation is available below. ]

by Payton Phillips Quintanilla, Latin American & Iberian Studies Librarian and Curator

Para quienes trabajamos en Libros Raros y Colecciones Especiales (RBSC, por sus siglas en inglés), siempre es emocionante redescubrir los libros, manuscritos, materiales efímeros y otros objetos de nuestras colecciones, así como recuperar las importantes historias que cuentan. Sin embargo, a menudo es aún más emocionante ver a nuestros usuarios hacer lo mismo. Desde estudiantes curiosos de todas las edades hasta investigadores y académicos de cerca y de lejos, ellos son la razón por la que preservamos y cuidamos estos materiales. La creación de conocimiento es un esfuerzo colaborativo, y las Bibliotecas Hesburgh se esfuerzan por estar en el centro de ese proceso.

Un hermoso ejemplo de los frutos de nuestra misión tuvo lugar este pasado mes de julio, cuando RBSC tuvo el gran honor de recibir al Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli, un destacado especialista en las literaturas e historias intelectuales del período colonial de Bolivia y Perú. Nacido y criado en Buenos Aires, Argentina, el Dr. Eichmann asistió al Colegio San Miguel (Buenos Aires), obtuvo su licenciatura en Letras en la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (Mendoza, Argentina) y luego su doctorado en Filología Hispánica en la Universidad de Navarra (España). Es un autor prolífico, con numerosas publicaciones que incluyen libros (tanto monografías como ediciones académicas), artículos en revistas científicas y capítulos de libros, y ha editado más de veinte libros y volúmenes de revistas. Actualmente, el Dr. Eichmann es Profesor Titular de Literatura en la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; Presidente de la Sociedad Boliviana de Estudios Clásicos; y Director de la revista Classica boliviana.

El Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli en la Sala de Lectura, comparando un facsímil del texto impreso de la crónica de Mendoza con la versión manuscrita resguardada en RBSC.

Durante sus días en RBSC, el Dr. Eichmann compartió con entusiasmo explicaciones sobre lo que estaba viendo, leyendo y aprendiendo. Planea continuar trabajando con materiales de nuestras colecciones—en particular, con manuscritos de la Colección de Historia Peruana José Durand—y espera inspirar a sus estudiantes en Bolivia a hacer lo mismo. Generosamente aceptó conceder esta breve entrevista en español (traducida al inglés con la ayuda de Chat GTP).


PPQ: Entiendo que Ud. llegó a Notre Dame para realizar una estancia de investigación en el de Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture. ¿Nos puede contar un poquito sobre ese programa y sus actividades ahí?   

AEO: Vine al Nicola Center porque es un lugar privilegiado para conocer el estado actual de lo mejor que se ha investigado en torno a la ética y a las tradiciones intelectuales del universo cristiano. Formé parte de un grupo de personas venidas de Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador y México, unas 30 en total, entre estudiantes de máster y de doctorado y profesores de distintas universidades. Vinimos liderados por el Dr. Joaquín García Huidobro, de la Universidad de Los Andes (Chile). 

Estuvimos dos semanas completas, trabajando de 8.00 a.m. hasta las 20.00. Nos propusimos turnarnos para que, cada día, uno de nosotros ofreciera una breve charla […] Después de la charla había opción de hacer preguntas o comentarios. […] El otro compromiso (fuera de avanzar cada quien en su propio trabajo de investigación) consistía en leer, cada día, el trabajo de otro […], para contribuir con nuestras observaciones y sugerencias. Esto le permitió a cada uno ampliar y, a menudo, precisar, el enfoque, la perspectiva, etc., de su propio trabajo. Se aprende muchísimo de esa manera, y se avanza mejor. Es una dinámica muy enriquecedora.

Yo llegué con la intención de avanzar en el estudio del neo estoicismo en autores de los siglos XVI y XVII, del virreinato del Perú (sobre todo, de lo que hoy es Bolivia). El neo estoicismo es una corriente de pensamiento que, al menos en España y en Hispanoamérica, estuvo muy ligada a la lectura de las epístolas morales de Séneca y las obras de Tácito. Sin duda avancé en lo que me había propuesto, pero los hallazgos en Rare Books me “obligaron” a ocuparme de ellos. Ya volveré al neo estoicismo. Esto no podía esperar.

PPQ: ¿Cuáles son algunos de los materiales más interesantes que examinó en Rare Books and Special Collections? ¿Cómo se relacionan con sus investigaciones previas y/o actuales?

AEO: Estuve interesado en textos producidos en el virreinato del Perú durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Como siempre ocurre con una colección que no conoces, llegas con algunas expectativas, pero lo más importante es estar abierto a la sorpresa. Y esto es lo que puedo decir, sin duda alguna, que encontré. 

Hay, por ejemplo, unas piezas teatrales breves del siglo XVIII, compuestas en Lima, que sirven para “abrir” un espectáculo teatral. En una de ellas se indican los nombres de los actores y actrices que la pusieron en escena. Entre otros nombres, aparece el de “Michaela Villegas”, que fue una conocida actriz de Lima, a quien llamaban “la Perricholi”. Esta y otras piezas de teatro me llamaron la atención. En 2002 tuve la fortuna de encontrar, en Potosí, junto con mi colega Ignacio Arellano, de la Universidad de Navarra, 25 piezas teatrales manuscritas. Hicimos la edición de todas ellas en 2005. Todo lo relacionado con la actividad teatral del periodo es algo que interesa, por este motivo, entre otros. […]

PPQ: ¿Cuál fue el descubrimiento que más le impactó? ¿Piensa seguir investigándolo? 

MSH/LAT 0001, Caja 1, Carpeta 33 (se guarda por separado). Manuscrito, Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera, “La Vida de Santa Rosa de Lima […]”, siglo XVIII.

AEO: Lo que más me sorprendió fueron dos volúmenes manuscritos que fueron escritos por autores del siglo XVII en el virreinato del Perú. Uno de ellos lleva por título “Vida de Santa Rosa”, y se trata de “Vida de Santa Rosa de Santa María, natural de Lima y patrona del Perú. Poema heroico”. Efectivamente, es poesía épica, en octavas reales (como era normal), y es una pieza apasionante que se extiende a lo largo de 11.300 versos. El autor, Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera, fue corregidor de la Villa Imperial de Potosí, y estando allá organizó las fiestas de canonización de santa Rosa, en 1672. Se conocen dos ediciones del siglo XVIII de este poema, la de Madrid (1711) y la de México (1729). En la Fundación Lázaro Galdiano está el manuscrito que sirvió para la edición de 1712. En México no hacía falta hacer un manuscrito, porque bastaba con seguir al pie de la letra la edición madrileña, con la misma distribución de texto por cada página. Y es lo que hicieron, como era lógico. Pero aquí, en Rare Books, encontramos otro manuscrito, con una distribución textual distinta, que no dio lugar a ninguna edición que conozcamos. Es sorprendente, auténtica, una rareza, y estoy decidido a trabajarla.

MSH/LAT 0001, Caja 1, Carpeta 16 (se guarda por separado). Manuscrito, Diego de Mendoza, “Chronica de la Provincia de San Antonio de los Charcas […]”, siglo XVII.

El otro hallazgo es un manuscrito de más de 800 páginas. Es la “Chrónica de la Provincia de San Antonio de los Charcas del Orden de nuestro Seráfico Padre San Francisco …”, escrito por fray Diego de Mendoza. Se cree que el autor nació en el Cusco, y sabemos que escribió la crónica en el convento de esa ciudad. Es una obra imponente, con muchas referencias eruditas, que consta de tres libros. Está escrita principalmente para la edificación: después de exponer, en el libro primero, la historia general de la orden en América y particularmente en la provincia de Charcas (que coincide aproximadamente con lo que hoy es Bolivia), los libros II y III los dedica a exponer la “vida y virtudes” de una gran cantidad de personas, varones y mujeres, españoles, criollos e indios, que pertenecieron a la orden religiosa (tal vez sea más exacto decir “órdenes”, en plural) de los franciscanos.

Lo que me llama poderosamente la atención es que el texto impreso, que se publicó en Madrid en 1665 y que es (al menos hasta donde llegan mis noticias) el único testimonio conocido, se aparta en muchísimos casos de la versión manuscrita, que es la que tenemos aquí. Tengo bastantes motivos para pensar que esta versión es de puño y letra de Diego de Mendoza. Lleva su firma en una de las páginas preliminares, y se pueden reconocer los trazos de su firma en la forma de las letras, a lo largo del texto.

Epílogo

Como estudiante de posgrado en la UCLA, estudié los muchos mundos del Virreinato del Perú y quedé absolutamente fascinada con la Virgen de Copacabana. (Aún lo estoy.) Así fue como conocí por primera vez el trabajo del Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli. Además de los diversos estudios que ha publicado sobre esta Virgen, también produjo, junto con su colega Hans van den Berg, O.S.A., una excelente edición de la Historia del célebre santuario de Nuestra Señora de Copacabana, escrita por el fraile agustino Alonso Ramos Gavilán y publicada en Lima en 1621. Aunque RBSC no conserva un ejemplar de la crónica de Ramos Gavilán, le pude mostrar al Dr. Eichmann nuestros ejemplares de dos obras relacionadas: Santuario de Nuestra Señora de Copacabana. Poema sacro, de Fernando de Valverde (Lima, 1641) y De diva virgine Copacauana in Peruano Novi Mundi regno celeberrima…, de Ippolito Marracci (Roma, 1656). Fue una alegría conocer finalmente en persona al Dr. Eichmann, y quiero agradecerle por su entusiasmo y generosidad. —PPQ


 

Meet a Visiting Researcher in Special Collections: Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli

[ Return to the original Spanish above. ]

by Payton Phillips Quintanilla, Latin American & Iberian Studies Librarian and Curator

For those of us who work in Rare Books and Special Collections (RBSC), it is always a thrill to rediscover the books, manuscripts, ephemera, and other objects in our collections, and to recover the important stories they tell. Often, however, it is even more exciting to watch our patrons do the same. From inquisitive students of all ages, to researchers and scholars from near and far, they are the reason we preserve and steward these materials. Knowledge creation is a collaborative endeavor, and the Hesburgh Libraries strive to be at the center of it.

A beautiful example of the fruits of our mission occurred this past July when RBSC had the great honor of welcoming Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli, a leading specialist in the literatures and intellectual histories of colonial Bolivia and Perú. Born and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Dr. Eichmann attended Colegio San Miguel (Buenos Aires), earned his Bachelor of Arts from the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (Mendoza, Argentina), and then his doctorate in Hispanic Philology from the Universidad de Navarra (Spain). He is a prolific author, having published numerous books (both monographs and scholarly editions), journal articles, and book chapters, and has edited more than twenty books and journal volumes. Currently, Dr. Eichmann is Professor of Literature at the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés; President of the Sociedad Boliviana de Estudios Clásicos; and Director of the journal Classica boliviana.

Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli in the Reading Room, comparing a facsimile of Mendoza’s printed chronicle with RBSC’s manuscript version.

During his days in RBSC, Dr. Eichmann enthusiastically shared explanations of what he was seeing, reading, and learning. He plans to continue working with materials in our collections—in particular, manuscripts from the José Durand Peruvian History Collection—and hopes to inspire his students in Bolivia to do the same. He generously agreed to this brief interview in Spanish (translated into English with the help of Chat GTP). 

PPQ: I understand that you came to Notre Dame for a research stay at the de Nicola Center for Ethics and Culture. Could you tell us a little about that program and your activities there?

AEO: I came to the de Nicola Center because it is a privileged place to learn about the current state of the best research being done on ethics and the intellectual traditions of the Christian world. I was part of a group of about 30 people from Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Mexico, including master’s and doctoral students as well as professors from various universities. We came under the leadership of Dr. Joaquín García Huidobro from the Universidad de los Andes (Chile).

We spent two full weeks working from 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. We took turns so that each day one of us gave a brief talk […] After the talk, there was time for questions or comments. […] The other main task (aside from progressing in our own research) was to read someone else’s work each day […], offering our feedback and suggestions. This allowed each of us to broaden or, quite often, sharpen the focus or perspective of our own work. You learn a great deal this way, and it helps you make real progress. It’s a very enriching dynamic.

I came with the intention of advancing my study of neo-Stoicism in [the works of] 16th- and 17th-century authors from the Viceroyalty of Peru (especially what is now Bolivia). Neo-Stoicism is a school of thought that, at least in Spain and Spanish America, was closely linked to the reading of Seneca’s moral epistles and the works of Tacitus. I definitely made progress in what I had set out to do, but the discoveries in the Rare Books collection “forced” me to focus on them. I’ll return to neo-Stoicism later. These materials couldn’t wait.

PPQ: What were some of the most interesting materials you examined in Rare Books and Special Collections? How do they relate to your past and/or current research?

AEO: I was interested in texts produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the 17th and 18th centuries. As always happens with a collection you’re unfamiliar with, you arrive with certain expectations, but the most important thing is to be open to surprise. And that, without a doubt, is what I found.

For example, there are some short theatrical pieces from the 18th century, composed in Lima, which served to “open” a theatrical performance. In one of them, the names of the actors and actresses who performed it are listed. Among those names is “Michaela Villegas,” a well-known actress from Lima, nicknamed “La Perricholi.” These and other theatrical pieces caught my attention. In 2002, I was fortunate to find, in Potosí, together with my colleague Ignacio Arellano from the University of Navarra, 25 handwritten theatrical pieces. We published an edition of all of them in 2005. For this and other reasons, anything related to theatrical activity from that period is of particular interest to me. […]

PPQ: What was the most striking discovery you made? Do you plan to continue researching it?

MSH/LAT 0001, Box 1, Folder 33 (housed separately). Manuscript, Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera, “La Vida de Santa Rosa de Lima […],” 18th century.

AEO: What surprised me the most were two handwritten volumes written by authors from the 17th century in the Viceroyalty of Peru. One is titled “Life of Saint Rose,” and it is actually called Life of Saint Rose of Saint Mary, native of Lima and patroness of Peru. Heroic Poem. It’s indeed an epic poem, written in ottava rima (as was standard), and it’s a fascinating piece that runs to 11,300 verses. The author, Luis Antonio de Oviedo y Herrera, was the magistrate (corregidor) of the Imperial City of Potosí, and while there he organized the festivities for the canonization of Saint Rose in 1672. Two 18th-century editions of the poem are known: one from Madrid (1711) and one from Mexico (1729). The manuscript used for the 1712 edition is housed at the Fundación Lázaro Galdiano. In Mexico, a separate manuscript wasn’t needed since they simply followed the Madrid edition exactly, with the same text layout per page. That’s what they logically did. But here, in Rare Books, we found another manuscript with a different textual layout, which, as far as we know, was never published. It’s surprising, authentic—a real rarity—and I’m determined to work on it.

MSH/LAT 0001, Box 1, Folder 16 (housed separately). Manuscript, Diego de Mendoza, “Chronica de la Provincia de San Antonio de los Charcas […],” 17th century.

The other find is a manuscript of over 800 pages. It’s the Chronicle of the Province of Saint Anthony of Charcas of the Order of Our Seraphic Father Saint Francis…, written by Fray Diego de Mendoza. The author is believed to have been born in Cusco, and we know he wrote the chronicle in a convent in that city. It’s an imposing work, full of scholarly references, consisting of three books. It was written primarily for edification: after presenting in the first book the general history of the Franciscan order in the Americas, and particularly in the province of Charcas (roughly what is now Bolivia), books II and III are devoted to presenting the “life and virtues” of a great many people—men and women, Spaniards, Creoles, and Indigenous people—who belonged to the Franciscan order (perhaps more accurately, “orders” in the plural).

What grabs my attention is that the printed text, published in Madrid in 1665, and (at least to my knowledge) the only known version, differs in many instances from the handwritten version we have here. I have several reasons to believe that this version is in Diego de Mendoza’s own handwriting. His signature appears on one of the preliminary pages, and you can recognize the traces of his signature style throughout the text.

Epilogue

As a graduate student at UCLA, I studied the many worlds of the Viceroyalty of Peru and was absolutely enthralled by the Virgin of Copacana. (I still am.) This is how I was first introduced to the work of Dr. Andrés Eichmann Oehrli. In addition to the various studies he has published on this Virgin, he also produced, with his colleague Hans van den Berg O.S.A., an excellent edition of the History of the Celebrated Sanctuary of Our Lady of Copacabana, written by the Augustian friar Alonso Ramos Gavilán, and published in Lima in 1621. While RBSC does not steward a copy of Ramos Gavilán’s chronicle, I was able to show Dr. Eichmann our examples of two related works: Fernando de Valverde’s Sanctuary of Our Lady of Copacabana. Sacred poem (Lima, 1641) and On the Divine Virgin of Copacabana, most celebrated in the Peruvian kingdom of the New World…, by Ippolito Marracci (Rome, 1656). It was a joy to finally meet Dr. Eichmann in person, and I want to thank him for his enthusiasm and generosity. —PPQ

Bibliomaniac: The Library of Sir Thomas Phillipps — a spotlight exhibit in Special Collections

by Anne Elise Crafton, PhD, RBSC Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Hesburgh Libraries

Sir Thomas Phillipps, 1st Bt, by Alexander George Tod (albumen carte-de-visite, late 1860s-early 1870s)

National Portrait Gallery, London; Photographs Collection, NPG x12731

Few 19th-century antiquarians matched the obsession of English baronet Sir Thomas Phillipps (1792-1872). A self-described “vello-maniac” (lover of parchment), Phillipps spent his life and fortune amassing what became the largest manuscript collection of his time — over 60,000 manuscripts, plus 20,000 printed works. 

Driven by a fear of biblioclasm, Phillipps’ believed he was preserving manuscripts from destruction. This, however, came at a great cost. Life at his estate, Middle Hill, was characterized both by the extreme debts and temper of its master. Phillipps feuded with nearly everyone, including neighbors, tradesmen, tax collectors, scholars, Catholics, curators, his father, wives, daughters, and especially his son-in-law, James Haliwell. Despite near-constant financial ruin, he continued to buy relentlessly, often enlisting his daughters to help catalog and transcribe his acquisitions. 

The summer Spotlight Exhibit (running from May through August), Bibliomania: The Library of Sir Thomas Phillipps, features five items from this impressive collection.

Three of the items in this exhibit are medieval English documents known as “private charters” — that is, records of transactions between private citizens.

According to these documents, Ch_ang_01_12 (above) and Ch_ang_01_13 (below), on October 28, 1264, a man named Thomas conveyed vast tracts of land in Yorkshire to his daughters, Ramette and Berthe.

Despite his vast collection, Phillipps infamously rarely read the items in his library. Indeed, one of the great criticisms levied against the collector was that he simply hoarded manuscripts without the ability or interest to use them. An exception, however, were charters. Driven by a passion for genealogy, Phillipps was known to scour deeds for names and places for use in studies of pedigree, which he published with his own private press.  

Yet, notwithstanding this personal interest, thousands of the deeds in his collection went uncatalogued during his lifetime. Only after his death did his grandson, Thomas FitzRoy Fenwick, receive legal permission to organize the collection for sale, at which point over 26,000 items were finally given their iconic Phillipps numbers. To streamline the process, Fenwick often gave the same number to related items, such as Ch_ang_01_12 and Ch_ang_01_13, both catalogued as Phillipps no. 27,951. 

You can see the hand of Thomas FitzRoy Fenwick on the exterior of Ch_ang_01_09, the third charter in this exhibit. Ch_ang_01_09, which records a 14th century transaction between Robert of Cawthorne to Nicholas and Walter del Brom, is in its original “docketed” form — a pre-modern filing system in which documents were folded and labeled. Above the labels of “Scelmthorpe” (Skelmanthorpe, a nearby town) and “Lanc” (perhaps referencing the Lancaster family, lords of Skelmanthorpe), Fenwick wrote the number “29,202.” See the video below for how this charter unfolds!

Although Phillipps often described himself as a “vello-maniac,” he also owned many paper manuscripts. The other two items in this collection — both bound paper codices — tell us even more about the extensive Phillipps collection. 

This French manuscript (MS Fr. c. 2) contains the poem “The Song of Bertrand of Guesclin,” one of the last examples of the Old French epic tradition. This Chanson, copied in 1464, tells the story of Breton noble Bertrand, who rose to fame during the Hundred Years War. Phillipps acquired this copy from the library of Richard Heber (d. 1833). Though unable to afford the 1,700 manuscripts in the collection, Phillipps persuaded the auction house to postpone sale until he could amass the appropriate funds, which he finally did in 1836. The shelfmark affixed to the spine, by Phillipps or his daughters, identifies this manuscript as the 8,194th item in his library.  

Finally, although you might associate the early modern era with the advent of the printing press, people continued to write the majority of their works by hand for centuries. The final item in this collection is one such manuscript. 

In 18th century Europe, vampirism was a hotly debated topic. The concern was so great that in 1739 Pope Clement XII asked Giuseppi Antonio Davanzati to examine the subject. Though skeptical of such creatures, Davanzati’s Dissertazione sopra I Vampiri (MSE/EM 1005-1B) is often credited with introducing the word vampire to the Italian language. 

In his first catalogue of his library, Phillipps claimed to have acquired this copy of the Dissertazione (Phillipps no. 5,485) in 1830, when he purchased 1,560 items from the library of Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford (d. 1827). The manuscript does not appear in the original catalogue of the Guilford sale (Phillipps claims it was included informally), and so we must take him at his word. 

Upon his death, Phillipps’ will mandated that his collection never be separated, nor that any Catholic ever be permitted to view the collection. These wishes proved untenable, and over the next century, his vast library was slowly dispersed. Today, as this exhibit attests, fragments of his hoard reside in institutions worldwide — including the Hesburgh Library.


After earning a Ph.D. in Medieval Studies at the University of Notre Dame, Anne Crafton undertook a postdoctoral fellowship in the Hesburgh Libraries’ Rare Books and Special Collections (RBSC), where she spent a year cataloging a diverse collection of previously undocumented materials. The opportunity was made possible through the College of Arts & Letters’ 5+1 postdoctoral fellowship program, which offers a postdoctoral fellowship to any student who finishes and submits their dissertation in five years.

Ars praedicandi: The Materiality of the Medieval Sermon — a spotlight exhibit in Special Collections

by David T. Gura, Ph.D., Curator, Ancient and Medieval Manuscripts

During the Middle Ages, the sermon was the most influential vehicle for religious and moral instruction: virtues, vices, canon law, and living the faith all reached the masses in urban centers through preaching. The term ars praedicandi (art of preaching) describes the literary genre of treatises that provide techniques (artes) and instruction for preaching. In addition to the composition of the sermon, artes praedicandi also address how a preacher should comport himself, what to study, and even how to speak and gesture while preaching. Numerous treatises from the twelfth- and thirteenth-century on the topic survive composed by well-known masters like Alan of Lille, Richard of Thetford, Humbert of Romans, and Ranulf Higden, but many anonymous examples exist.

The June-July spotlight exhibit displays a medieval sermon composed from a variety of preaching aids and sourcebooks, and emphasizes a few of the many items from the Hesburgh Library’s collection of medieval manuscripts created for and used by actual medieval preachers.

During the thirteenth century a new, more thematic type of sermon originated in the medieval universities, particularly the University of Paris: the scholastic sermon (sermo modernus). Likewise, new religious orders focused on preaching were created: namely the Franciscans in 1209 and Dominicans in 1216, who were in need of instruction and books. This resulted, especially in Paris, in an outpouring of different types of manuscripts need for sermon composition and preaching. Pandect Bibles (all biblical books in one volume) became pocket sized and portable, and a host of preaching aids were produced. For example, knowledge was systematized into reference manuals (summae) and textual anthologies (florilegia), both of which were used in composing sermons.

According to Sigfried Wenzel’s method of analysis (2015), a typical scholastic sermon can be outlined like this:

Thema is announced (quote from Scripture that the sermon builds on)
Protheme (prepares audience and capture their good will)
Oratio (prayer for divine assistance, often Hail Mary or Our Father)
Thema is repeated
Bridge passage (adapts the thema to the intention of the sermon)
Introductio thematis (why the thema was a good choice; helped by proverb, simile, quote, story)
Diuisio thematis (thema divided into parts; meaning of the thema unfolded)
Confirmatio (confirmation or proof of divisions; often with sentence from Scripture)
Prosecutio (thema developed with subdivision, subdistinction, elaboration, examples, etc.)
Vnitio (combination of all the parts)
Conclusio (closing formula with a prayer asking for God’s grace)

Some sermon collections enjoyed broad circulation and different traditions of use. For example, ca. 1240 Philip the Chancellor composed 330 scholastic sermons on the Psalms while he was chancellor of the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris. These sermons originated within the university milieu, but continued to have a robust afterlife. The fragmentary copy currently in the Hesburgh Library’s collection (cod. Lat. b. 11), once was part of the Servite Library at San Marcello al Corso in Rome ca. 1382–1402, where it was used in the formation of its novices despite being over one hundred forty years old. The Servites added an ownership inscription when the manuscript entered the collection at San Marcello. By 1402 the starving friars were selling books to survive and the library burned down in 1519. A later owner erased the inscription and obscured the medieval provenance of the manuscript, which was later dismembered in Cleveland, Ohio by biblioclast Otto F. Ege. Using ultraviolet light, the erased text can be revealed and for the first time the Servites’s ownership is known.

Bibliography

David T. Gura, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts of the University of Notre Dame and Saint Mary’s College, pp. 204-213. University of Notre Dame Press, 2016.

David T. Gura, “The Medieval Provenance of Otto Ege’s ‘Chain of Psalms’ (FOL 4),” Fragmentology 4 (2021): 94-99.

Sigfried Wenzel, Medieval ‘Artes Praedicandi’, pp. 48, 50-95. University of Toronto Press, 2015.

Congratulations to the 2025 Graduates!

Best wishes to the 2025 graduates of the University of Notre Dame, Saint Mary’s College, and Holy Cross College, from all of us in Rare Books and Special Collections.

We would particularly like to congratulate the following students who worked for Special Collections during their time on campus:

Lucas Bernardez (ND ’25), Bachelor of Business Administration in Business Analytics

Claire Bosch (ND ’25), Bachelor of Arts in History and Theology

Caterina Calderon Gonzalez (ND ’25), Bachelor of Business Administration in Finance, with a Supplementary Major in Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics

José Hurtado (ND ’25), Bachelor of Architecture

Kendall Manning (ND ’25), Bachelor of Arts in English and Political Science

Andres Mena Carroll (ND ’25), Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Maeva Morro (ND ’25), Bachelor of Business Administration in Marketing

Jorge Ruiz Valdivia (ND ’25), Bachelor of Business Administration in Finance, with a Supplementary Major in Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics

Anna Sofia Sanson Zoufaly (ND ’25), Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering

Both images: MSE/EM 110-1B, Diploma, University of Padua, 1690

Upcoming Events: May 2025 and through the summer

Please join us for the following public events and exhibits being hosted in Rare Books and Special Collections:

Tuesday, May 13 at 1:30pm | “Potawatomi in Un/Expected Places: Archives, Stories, and the Native American Initiative of Notre Dame” by Zada Ballew.

Last year, Ballew spent nine months at Hesburgh Library researching on behalf of the Native American Initiative (NAI) of Notre Dame. Her goal was to better understand the role that Indigenous peoples have played in the founding and shaping of Notre Dame’s history. What she found surprised her in ways that she didn’t expect. In this talk, she will share some of the most important findings with the people who helped make this work possible.

Presented by the Professional Development Committee (PDC) of Hesburgh Libraries.

Thursday, May 15 at 3:00pm | Hesburgh Libraries’ 2024-2025 Rare Books and Special Collections Postdoctoral Fellow Anne Elise Crafton (MI PhD ‘24) will discuss the major research and collections project they completed during their postdoc year. Crafton catalogued over 270 previously undescribed medieval and early modern documents in the Hesburgh Libraries’ collection. They will discuss the challenges and discoveries which emerged from the project and reflect on the intensive work of making the hitherto unknown documents accessible for scholars, students, and faculty at Notre Dame and beyond.

There are currently no events scheduled to be hosted in June or July.

The exhibition Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture runs through the summer and closes in late July. Learn more about the exhibit in this video, and plan your visit this summer.

The current spotlight exhibit is Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers (January – May 2025). In May, we will install spotlights highlighting Medieval charters (May – August 2025) and Medieval homiletics (May – July 2025) from our collections.

Rare Books and Special Collections is open
regular hours during the summer.

An 18th Century Copper Collective and Britain’s Triangular Trade

by Anne Elise Crafton, PhD, RBSC Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Hesburgh Libraries

Although I am trained primarily as a scholar of the medieval world, much of my time as the 2024-2025 Rare Books and Special Collections Postdoctoral Research Fellow has been preoccupied by the early modern documents within the Hesburgh Library’s collection. Among this material is the White Rock Copper Works Shares Collection, which consists of several “assignments of shares”—documents which recorded the transfer of shares or capital—for an eighteenth-century copper cooperative in Bristol and Swansea, UK. Under various names—including the Thomas Coster and Co. (1736/7-1739), the Joseph Percivall and Copper Co. (1739-1764), and the John Freeman and Copper Co. (1764-)—the merchant cooperative operated the White Rock Copper Works, a copper smelting firm in Pentrechwyth (near Swansea). On the surface, the items in this collection simply record the finances of a copper collective during the first 45 years of its existence. When appropriately contextualized, however, this collection testifies to the ubiquity of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in contemporary British markets.

The nineteen items in this collection document the notable growth of the copper cooperative from its creation under Thomas Coster in 1737 until 1781, at which point the controlling interest was held by John Freeman Sr. The financial success of the copper cooperative cannot be understated. In its first year of operation a single share in the cooperative was worth £297 (£56,563 today), but by 1781 a single share was worth £2000 (£266,208, or $345,055 today)!

Assignment of Shares, Thomas Power to Joseph Percivall and Copper Co., 1746-03-08 (MSE/EM 3700-2)

As physical objects, these items are both imposing and underwhelming. They are quite large—most of the parchment documents are approximately 680 x 825 mm (around 2 ¼ x 2 ⅔ ft)—but textually simple. Each document lists the parties involved individually and multiple times (including each member of the copper cooperative at the time of sale), the exact nature of the sale, and the binding nature of the sale in exhaustive and dull legal language.

MSE/EM 3700-2, beginning of document with list the parties involved in the collective

Nowhere in this exhaustive language, however, is there any mention of the primary force behind the collective’s financial success: the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

In the eighteenth century, Bristol was “the slave capital” of Britain’s triangular trade. The port, which in 1755 had 237 slave traders, sent thousands of ships full of manufactured goods to Africa, which brought enslaved Africans (purchased with said goods) to the Americas and returned to the city with the products of slave labor. Every Bristol industry profited from this trade, but the copper industry especially so. Copper products—many of which were produced by the copper collective and the White Rock Copper Works—were favored in nearly every theater of the global slave trade. Copper rods were used to purchase enslaved Africans in West Africa, copper products were used to refine sugar in West Indies plantations, slave and merchant ships had copper-plated bottoms to withstand tropical waves, and copper luxury goods were sold around the world to fund Britain’s colonial control. In other words, it is no coincidence that a copper cooperative in Bristol would see such financial success.

MSE/EM 3700-2, detail of Isaac Hobhouse’s name

Through the data made available by the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery and the collaborative database Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery, I was able to identify several partners in the copper cooperative named in this collection as active participants in the triangular trade. For instance, the document, “Assignment of Shares, Thomas Power to Joseph Percivall and Copper Co., 1746-03-08 (MSE/EM 3700-2)” (seen above) lists an Isaac Hobhouse (d. 1763) as a member of the Bristol copper cooperative. Like many of his fellows, his occupation is listed innocently as “merchant.” More accurately, though, Hobhouse’s primary occupation was “slave trader”, with 68 recorded voyages on the Transatlantic Slave Trade between 1722 and 1747.

Another member of the cooperative, Samuel Munckley (1720-1801) (highlighted above in MSE/EM 3700-8), is listed on twelve documents. Like Hobhouse, the designation of “merchant” obscures Munckley’s role as a slave trader and profiteer in the West Indies. Munckley’s own ships were used to bring enslaved peoples from Africa to the West Indies, where many were sold as laborers on sugar plantations—an industry in which Munckley was also heavily invested. (See also “Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery”, which has compiled dozens of Munckley’s papers and correspondence as they relate to the slave trade.)

As I have said: nowhere in the White Rock Copper Works Shares is the slave trade explicitly mentioned. The collection is, at first glance, innocuous to the point of boredom. Yet this does not negate the fact that the wealth described in this collection was gained through an industry which itself relied on the trade of enslaved peoples. For this reason, when creating the finding aid for this collection, I deliberately included the names of each individual listed on the documents (parties involved, partners in the cooperative, and witnesses). No matter the degree to which these historical figures actively participated in the Bristol slave trade, each individual named in this collection profited from the enslavement of others and for this reason, their legacy—as a part of this archive—must be made explicit.

MSE/EM 3700-8, detail of Sibylla Dymock’s signature

Several of the documents in this collection name women as economic actors—whether as sellers of shares, buyers, or witnesses. Although most of these transactions concern widows selling shares formerly owned by their deceased husbands back to the copper cooperative (like the above Sibylla Dymock of MSE/EM 3700-8, who sold her husband’s share back to the cooperative in 1772), their presence in these documents necessarily complicates our reading. Simultaneously, these documents testify to the names and economic force of women whose lives, in many cases, have otherwise gone undocumented and, they also tangibly record the ways in which these women profited from the slave trade and colluded with prominent slave traders.

Works Cited:

John Freeman and Copper Co.” Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History.

Isaac Hobhouse.” Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery.

Joseph Percivall and Copper Co.” Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History.

Samuel Munckley.” Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery.

Suppliers to the trade.” Discovering Bristol: Bristol and Transatlantic Slavery.

White Rock Copper Works.” Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History.

Upcoming Events: April 2025

Please join us for the following public events and exhibits being hosted in Rare Books and Special Collections:

Thursday, April 3 at 4:00pm | Medieval Institute Working Group “The Materiality of Medieval Texts” Lecture: “Workmanly and Truly Made: Everyday Writing and the Materiality of Literature” by Daniel Wakelin (University of Oxford).

Thursday, April 10 at 3:30pm | Exhibit Tour – Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture.

Thursday, April 10 at 4:30pm | Exhibit Lecture: “The Fascist Lair: the Battle of Berlin” by Robert M. Citino (retired Samuel Zemurray Stone Senior Historian at the National WWII Museum).

Thursday, April 22 at 3:30pm | Exhibit Tour – Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture.

Thursday, April 22 at 4:30pm | Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) Program commemorating the victims of Holocaust and featuring a live performance of “I Never Saw Another Butterfly” by Lori Laitman, performed by Anne Slovin (Soprano, University of Notre Dame) and Jason Gresl (Clarinet, Saint Mary’s College).


The Spring 2025 Exhibition — Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture — is now open and runs through the end of July. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books and Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945) and will explore a diverse assortment of themes including Fascist Racial Ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War.

Curated by Natasha Lyandres (Curator, Rare Books & Special Collections), Jean McManus (Catholic Studies Librarian, University Archives) and Julia Schneider (German Language and Literature and Italian Studies Librarian, Hesburgh Libraries).


The current spotlight exhibit is Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers (January–April 2025). In 1980, the University of Notre Dame became the first major university to boycott Campbell Soup products in support of Midwestern farmworkers represented by the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (Toledo, OH). In a few short months, a small and dedicated cohort of students tapped into a growing movement and convinced the campus to act in solidarity.

Curated by Emiliano Aguilar (Assistant Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, and Faculty Fellow, Institute for Latino Studies).


We will resume regular hours on Monday, April 21.

Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture — RBSC 2025 Spring and Summer Exhibition

Rare Books and Special Collections’ spring and summer exhibition, Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture, is open and will run through July 31st.

This exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945). It showcases over forty works on paper, including posters, maps, propaganda ephemera, illustrated books, photographs, and first-hand accounts. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books & Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition explores a diverse assortment of themes ranging from Fascist Racial Ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War.

By examining these topics through images created by both ordinary people for personal use and for state-sponsored propaganda purposes, the exhibition presents a visual narrative of the war’s profound impact on individuals and societies, offering deeper insight into how war was experienced and remembered.

Please mark your calendars to join us for:

Monday, March 31, 2025 – 4:30 pm  

Curator-led tour will be offered at 3:30 pm

[CANCELLED] Martina Cucchiara (Professor of History, Bluffton University) will present her lecture, “Fervent Faith, Relentless Persecution: The Daily Life of Erna Becker-Kohen, a Catholic of Jewish Descent in Nazi Germany.” 

Thursday, April 10, 2025 – 4:30 pm 

Curator-led tour will be offered at 3:30 pm

Robert M. Citino (American military historian and the Samuel Zemurray Stone Senior Historian at the National WWII Museum) will present his lecture “The Fascist Lair: the Battle of Berlin.”

Tuesday, April 22, 2025 – 4:30 pm 

Curator-led tour will be offered at 3:30 pm

Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day) Program commemorating the victims of Holocaust and featuring a live performance of “I Never Saw Another Butterfly” by Lori Laitman, performed by Anne Slovin (Soprano, University of Notre Dame)  and Jason Gresl  (Clarinet, Saint Mary’s College). This piece features musical settings of texts by children living in the Theresienstadt ghetto.

Following the performance, a discussion on the spiritual resistance of the arts during the Shoah will be led by Philip B. Bohlman (Ludwig Rosenberger Distinguished Service Professor in Jewish History, Music and Humanities, University of Chicago) and Nicolette van den Bogerd (Postdoctoral scholar in Jewish Studies, Indiana University).  


The exhibition is open in the Rare Books & Special Collections exhibit room, Hesburgh Library, Monday-Friday 9:30am-5:00pm. All events will take place in the main Reading Room.

Curator-led tours and all events are free and no reservations are required.

Exhibition tours may also be arranged for classes and other groups by contacting rarebook@nd.edu.

Upcoming Events: March 2025

Please join us for the following public events and exhibits being hosted in Rare Books and Special Collections:

Thursday, March 6 at 5:00pm | Italian Research Seminar: M.A. Student Presentations (University of Notre Dame) — This semester’s speakers are: Samantha Civitarese and Carolina Minguzzi.

Friday, March 28 at 5:00pm | Faith in Action: Solidarity with Regional Migrant Farmworkers — view the RBSC Spotlight Exhibit, “Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers,” and join a robust conversation afterward with curator Dr. Emiliano Aguilar (Assistant Professor in the Department of History). After viewing the exhibit, visitors will gather in room 125 for refreshments and discussion.

Monday, March 31 at 3:30pm | Exhibit Tour – Tragedies of War: Images of WWII in Print Visual Culture.

CANCELLED: Monday, March 31 at 4:30pm | Exhibit Lecture: “Fervent Faith, Relentless Persecution: The Daily Life of Erna Becker-Kohen, a Catholic of Jewish Descent in Nazi Germany” by Martina Cucchiara (Bluffton University). This event has been canceled. We apologize for the inconvenience. We will have the exhibit tour still.


The Spring 2025 Exhibition — Tragedies of War: Images of World War II in Print Visual Culture — will open shortly and runs through the end of July 2025. Based predominantly on recently acquired Rare Books and Special Collections European holdings, the exhibition commemorates the end of the Second World War (1939-1945) and will explore a diverse assortment of themes including Fascist Racial Ideology, the Holocaust, Children in War, Resistance, Liberation, and Memories of War.

Curated by Natasha Lyandres (Curator, Rare Books & Special Collections), Jean McManus (Catholic Studies Librarian, University Archives) and Julia Schneider (German Language and Literature and Italian Studies Librarian, Hesburgh Libraries).


The current spotlight exhibit is Building a Campus Boycott to Support Midwestern Farmworkers (January–April 2025). In 1980, the University of Notre Dame became the first major university to boycott Campbell Soup products in support of Midwestern farmworkers represented by the Farm Labor Organizing Committee (Toledo, OH). In a few short months, a small and dedicated cohort of students tapped into a growing movement and convinced the campus to act in solidarity.

Curated by Emiliano Aguilar (Assistant Professor of History, University of Notre Dame, and Faculty Fellow, Institute for Latino Studies).


Special Collections is open regular hours during Notre Dame’s Spring Break (March 10-14).

Black History Month 2025

We join with The Library of Congress, National Archives and Records Administration, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in paying tribute to the generations of African Americans who struggled with adversity to achieve full citizenship in American society.

Remembering the Harrisburg Trojans, Champion African American Football Team

by Greg Bond, Sports Archivist and Curator, Joyce Sports Research Collection

In recognition of Black History Month and in conjunction with the upcoming Super Bowl, Rare Books and Special Collections is pleased to highlight the recent acquisition of a unique vintage homemade fan poster about the Harrisburg Trojans.

Although mostly forgotten today, the Trojans were one of the best African American football teams in the World War Two-era and the winner of the unofficial “World Negro Football Championship” in 1941. This 28-inch by 22-inch poster made by an unknown fan in about 1945 celebrates the accomplishments of the Trojans and provides a rare insight into fan culture around African American sports teams during the era of segregation.

Willie Moon

Founded in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1938, the Trojans were composed mainly of African American athletes who had played high school football in the region, and they quickly developed a reputation as a talented team. The Trojans attracted considerable press coverage and routinely drew big crowds for the high quality of their play against both white and African American semi-pro, amateur, and professional teams. 

The Trojans regularly competed at the highest levels of African American football. On Sunday, November 2, 1941, for example, the New York Brown Bombers, one of the best and most well-known African American teams in the country, visited Harrisburg and played the Trojans in a game billed as the “World Negro Football Championship.” 

Lunch Atwell

In a thrilling and hard-fought game, the Trojans upset the favored Brown Bombers 12 to 7 to claim the title of best Black football team in the country. Willie Moon was the star for Harrisburg, accounting for all of the Trojans’ points. In the second quarter, Moon blocked a Brown Bombers’ punt and recovered the ball in the end zone for a touchdown. Trailing 7-6, late in the fourth quarter, Harrisburg’s Lunch Atwell recovered a Brown Bombers fumble on a punt return to set up more heroics by Moon. With one minute left in the game, Moon made a leaping catch in the end zone of a 22-yard pass by Sammy Greene for the game-winning touchdown. 

The local Harrisburg Telegraph newspaper (November 3, 1941, page 12) described the action:

When Willie Moon rose up in back of the goal line to snare a long forward pass for a touchdown, in the waning minutes of play, the Harrisburg Trojans football team yesterday beat the highly-touted New York Brown Bombers, 12 to 7, and cinched the World’s Negro football championship.

Moon’s spectacular leap into the air for the pass thrown diagonally across the field by Sammy Greene, was the climax of one of the most thrilling grid battles seen here for a long while, and it was also a signal for hundreds of the more than 4000 persons in the stands to rush onto the playing field at Island Park to congratulate the ultimate victors.

Sammy Greene

In 1942 and 1943, the strong Washington Lions team visited Harrisburg to challenge the Trojans for the “Negro Football Championship.” In 1942, the two teams played to a 7-7 tie, and, the following year, the Lions beat Harrisburg 8-0 to earn the title.

The Trojans’ financial and administrative affairs were handled in these years by business manager Ned R. Givens and promoter William E. “Bud” Marshall. The Trojans continued playing each fall through about the 1950 season.

Unusually, although the players on the Trojans were predominantly African American, the team added white players to its roster for both the 1942 and 1945 seasons. In 1942, the Trojans fielded white players Dusan “Duke” Maronic—who would go on to play in the NFL for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1944 through 1950—and John Krovic. In 1945, the team included white players Andy Anderson and Bob Sostar.

Years after, Duke Maronic recalled his time with the Trojans: “Later, I played for the Harrisburg Trojans. They were an all-Negro team. I was the only white guy on the Team. I never gave much thought to it. Neither did the black guys, but once in a while one of the opponents would make a remark.”

George House, Ernest McLaughlin, and John McLaughlin

Besides old clippings from the 1930s and 1940s in central Pennsylvania newspapers or in the African American press, however, there is little available information about the Harrisburg Trojans. Fortunately for researchers, the anonymous creator of this remarkable fan poster has preserved an exceedingly rare source about the Trojans. 

Phil Mason

On a piece of black cardboard underneath a heading that reads “1938-Harrisburg Trojans-1945,” the unknown fan has pasted clippings from a promotional pamphlet written and published by business manager Givens. Except for these extracts, there are apparently no other known extant copies of Givens’s pamphlet. It is also unknown if the publication originally included more material than is seen here.

In a clipping from the poster about the history of the team, Givens wrote that the Trojans’

“… policy always was and still is, to play the best teams that they could get, and they never asked anyone for favors or setups. This team was organized in 1938, as one body of athletes, clean living, clean sportsmanship, and sport loving lads. In order to do this, many sacrifices have been made by these boys. Through the guidance of Bill Simpson, Phil Mason and Lewis Carlton they were recognized as one of the most outstanding Negro Professional football teams in the United States.”

Coach Vince Whiting

The poster features rare images and short bios from Givens’s pamphlet about 17 different men who played for the Trojans. The pictures capture talented and serious African American football players ready for action. And the remarkable piece of fan art provides a glimpse into the significance of African American sports teams during the mid-twentieth century and the way in which at least one fan related to the Trojans.

In his pamphlet, Givens concluded his brief historical summary of the team by writing: “And to the boys who are now playing as members of the Trojan team, and to those who have played, I dedicate this book.”

Today, we remember and celebrate the accomplishments of the Harrisburg Trojans and dedicate this post to their legacy.


Previous Black History Month Blog Posts:

2023: African American Women Activists and Athletes in 1970s Feminist Magazines

2022: Searching for Claude Monroe Paris, Unheralded African American Basketball Pioneer: Documenting Black History Using Notre Dame’s Joyce Sports Research Collection

2021: Paul Laurence Dunbar’s New Literary Tradition Packaged to Sell

2017: African Americans and Populism